Theories of Development - 6168 Words

Theories of Development Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following theories relies on the understanding of internal drives and emotions to answer the whys of human development? A) Psychoanalytic B) Humanistic C) Biological D) Cognitive Answer: A Page Ref: 24 2) Psychoanalytic theorists suggests that human development depends on A) our ability to accommodate external stimuli. B) our ability to modify our behavior based on the prospect of rewards or punishment. C) the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behavior. D) social relationships. Answer: C Page Ref: 24 3) Which of the following most accurately describes Freuds model of the personality? A) Formal operations B) Id,†¦show more content†¦A) To develop a sense of autonomy, or become ashamed of ones inability to be independent of parents B) To develop initiative and become purposeful and goal oriented, or to be guilty about inability to focus and achieve C) To form intimate relationships, or to risk isolation and rejection D) To examine ones identity and possible roles, or risk confusion about the future Answer: D Page Ref: 27 15) Eriksons dilemma of intimacy vs. isolation is associated with what developmental age? A) Birth to one year B) 2-3 years C) 18 - 30 years D) 30 years to late adulthood Answer: C Page Ref: 27 16) Which of the following best defines generativity? A) A sense of wanting to give back to society and future generations B) A sense of needing to make up for ones shortcomings C) The need to resolve a midlife crisis D) The need to establish intimate relationships Answer: A Page Ref: 27 17) Carolyn is thinking of her children and what they are to become. She wants to see her children succeed and raise healthy families of their own. Carolyn spends more and more time thinking about how best to help her children be good people who contribute to society. Which of Eriksons stages would Carolyn most likely be experiencing?Show MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Human Development Theory1642 Words   |  7 PagesHuman development theories are theories intended to account for how and why people become, as they are. These theories provide the framework to clarify and organize existing observations and to try to explain and predict human behavior. It is important to recognize the complexity of human development and the theories that explain human development. (Berger, pg. 23). The three theories that have influenced by development are Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory, Abraham Maslow’s Humanism and Erik Erikson’sRead MoreTheories And Theories Of Human Development1 337 Words   |  6 Pages10/11/17 Principles of Human Development Paper #1 The concepts and theories of human development are important for a school counselor to have knowledge on. Knowledge on these topics can aid the counselor in better understanding the circumstances of their students. There are three main developmental sections which will be discussed in this paper. Those three include physical development, cognitive development, and social development. Each section contains multiple theories and concepts that would beRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development858 Words   |  4 PagesSocial scientists have given us several theories on child development. There have been three influential theories that have really shaped how we look at the subject. Each one of these theories offers an insightful perspective that has been very influential in how we view child development. The first theory, we will delve into is George Herbert Meads Theory of the Social Self which focused on social interaction with developing human beings. Meads believed that, â€Å"a symbo lic interactionist, saw theRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development1196 Words   |  5 Pagessix main theories of human development these are: the Psychoanalytic theories, cognitive theories, behavioral and social cognitive theories, ethological theories, ecological theories, and eclectic theoretical orientation. Let’s explain a little more about the theories mentioned before. Psychoanalytic theories explain the human development as unconscious behaviors characteristics. The psychoanalytic theories was develop by Sigmund Freud between 1856 until 1939. The psychoanalytic theories was focusRead MoreThe Theories Of Child Development1084 Words   |  5 Pagesteachers and friends but also the important values and beliefs within their culture. All of this provides the foundations for cognitive development. As trainee teachers, it is fundamental that we have a deeper understanding of how children learn and how we can support learning. In order to do this we must first look at some of the theories of learning. Theories Prior to the early 20th century little interest was paid to how a child developed; indeed most early research appears to be based on abnormalRead MoreTheories Of Learning And Development Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pagesundoubtedly influenced theories of learning and development, they share similarities and differences in their views of child development. It would hence be useful to examine these by evaluating their views regarding what development is, how it occurs, and whether phases of development exist. It is important to first establish Vygotsky, Piaget, and Skinner’s views regarding what development is. Piaget and Vygotsky have more similarities in their views of what a child’s development is compared to SkinnerRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development1053 Words   |  5 PagesArt educators that consider theories of child development when creating lesson plans, are more effective. As art educators, we understand that it is our responsibility to educate ourselves on the latest research of art development in order to better serve our educational institutions through providing a quality art education for the future generations of innovators in America. Piaget’s stages of cognitive development stages thoroughly explain the biological transition that occurs in elementary schoolRead MoreTheories of Development Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesTheories of Development Three different theorists were considered in this assignment. Two children were used to explore the theories of development by Piaget, Vygotsky and Kohlberg. One child tested was a fourteen-year-old female named Kari. Kari is currently at the grade 8 level and performs well academically. The other child tested was a six-year-old female named Meghan. Meghan is currently in Kindergarten. Meghan performs at an average level academically. The assigned tasks wereRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development2064 Words   |  9 PagesThe life span theories is about four different theories; the psychoanalytic, behaviourism, cognitive and humanistic. Erikson has some similarities with Freud however it is extremely different in other ways. Rather than Erikson focusing on sexual interest as a driving force in development, he believed that social interaction and experience played a decisive role. Erikson has an eight stage theory of human development which describes the process from birth to death and the crisis of each stage bringsRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development2414 Words   |  10 Pagesa sound understanding of theories of child develop ment so they can offer activities that are appropriate for the child’s particular stage of development (Early Education, 2012). This essay will compare and contrast key features of developmental theories by applying them to a particular aspect of child development, the aspect that will be investigated is language acquisition. This essay will consider differing theories of language development such as the behaviourist theory proposed by Skinner (1957)

Should Gay Adoption Be Legal Essay - 1982 Words

Gay adoption is a very strong topic in today’s world. There are many pros and cons but I see it as an opportunity for children to be out of the government system and into homes. People in today’s world fear change. Its natural human reaction, it seems. If it didn’t work then it isn’t going to work now. Im not saying I agree with everything but I think there are some changes that need to be made. I think people can want children whether they are heterosexuals or homosexuals. With so many changes in the world right now like gay marriages, I wonder if this wouldn’t be a positive outcome for some children, some young humans to get out of the foster care system and into some homes permanently. The House of Representatives believes homosexuals should be able to adopt. LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) same-sex, or gay (for short) adoption is the adoption of children by LGBT parents, either individually, or as a couple†¦in many other countries, gay people may petition individually to adopt, while gay couple cannot. 1. www.ru.idebate.org/debatabase/.../house-believes-homosexuals-should-be-able-adopt Adoption has been around for many years. The most recent history of adoption can be tracked back to about the 1850s. The first â€Å"modern† adoption law in the United States was found in Massachusetts. This law recognized adoption as a social and legal process based on the the welfare of the children not the adult interests. Orphan trains also began about this time.Show MoreRelatedGay Adoption Should Be Legal1203 Words   |  5 PagesGay adoption is a touchy subject to a lot of people. Even though gay adoption became legal in all 50 states on June 26, 2017 everyone still seems to have an opinion on the matter and a lot of the opinions lean toward not allowing gay couples to adopt. There are so many children in the foster care system that need loving and stable homes so why not let gay couples give that to them? There is a lot of evidence to show that gay couples can be just as good at parenting as a straight couple. Maybe evenRead MoreGay Adoption Should Be Legal1411 Words   |  6 Pagesfor homosexuals to raise children. It is legal for heterosexuals to adopt children in all states; however, homosexuals do not have the same right. Many states are trying to find loopholes to ban homosexuals from adopting. Gay adoption should be legal in all states because children can be raised in the same upbringing as heterosexual parents, sometimes can have better lives than those who are raised by heterosexual parents, and the banning of gay adoption goes against the homosexual parents’ rightsRead MoreGay Adoption Should Be Legal1355 Words   |  6 Pagesare no unwanted children just unfound families† (National Adoption Center.). Families together are one not anything different from every other family. No matter race, color, or the type of family. Adoption is just a way for anybody who wants to create a family would be able to have the access to have a family of their own. Even to the families who are not able to have a child or does not have a partner to have a child. The National Adoption Center allows the families in need to adopt a child in needRead MoreAdoption by Gay Couples Should Be Legal in All 50 States Essay example1161 Words   |  5 Pagesto start having families and feeling a desire to adopt. However, only 15 states allow gay couples to adopt. Persons of the same sex are just as capable of nurturing, loving and supporting adopted children as a straight couple. Over the last year, researchers in Australia found that having gay or lesbian parents does not affect a child’s education, social development or emotional health. Evidence shows that gay men and lesbians make just as good parents †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The fact that the parents love someone whoRead MoreLegal Issues For Gay And Lesbian Adoption And Parental Rights1626 Words   |  7 Pages Legal Issues for Gay and Lesbian Adoption and Parental Rights Issue Although adoption can be difficult for any single person or married couple, adoption for the gay and lesbian population presents a unique set of challenges both societal and legal. Whether constitutional or not, special rules apply to same gay and lesbian adoption. Under current legislation, is same sex adoption fully legal and how do the laws on the subject measure with regard to equality to adoption among heterosexualRead MoreShould Same-Sex Couples Be Allowed to Adopt? Essays838 Words   |  4 Pagesthe only option is adoption. Well, same-sex adoption is not legal in most places which makes this dream for some impossible. This caused controversy between same-sex couples and the general public who believes that same-sex adoption should remain illegal. Ultimately, same-sex adoption should be legal. The same-sex controversy is one of the many results from the slow process of gay marriage becoming legalized in various states across the United States of America. The fight for gay marriage is predatedRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is The Legal Union Essay1562 Words   |  7 PagesSaved ï† µ Recents ï† » Uploads ï† ¯ My Answersï„” ï† · Accountï„” Are you a UCLA or USC student? Click here to access FREE course materials and tests. Products ï‡ ³Home ï‡ ¶Research ï‡ µDrive ï‡ ´Answers About Company Legal Site Map Contact Advertise ï‡ º ï‡ ¼ ï‡ ½  ©2015 StudyMode.com Home Same-sex marriage Same Sex Marriage Same Sex Marriage CivilRead MoreShould Homosexuals Be Allowed? Adopt?1512 Words   |  7 PagesTeirra Thomas Professor Parks ENG 101, Documented Research Paper 18 November 2014 Should Homosexuals be allowed to Adopt Did you know that Florida absolutely bans homosexuals to adopt children? Over a million people in the United States disagree on same sex marriage. If they disagree with same sex marriage what about when homosexuals want to adopt children. In my opinion it is great that homosexuals want to adopt children, because it is not about who they are being raised by. It is all about ifRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Allowed?1620 Words   |  7 Pages The Right To Marriage Same sex marriage is a topic today that brings strong moral objections from both sides. Should same sex marriage be allowed? Should these people be given the same rights in their relationship as heterosexual couples? Why restrict these citizens from their rights just because of their love for another? Should we deny foreign customs to foreigners just because they aren’t customs we perform? The United States is a land of the free, not the restricted. We are not robots setRead MoreThe Rights Of The Gay Rights890 Words   |  4 Pageshave been made for the gay community over the past several years, culminating with the Supreme Court ruling to recognize gay marriages as legal in all fifty states. However, the fight for homosexual equality is far from over. Despite having gained the right to marry-which was seen by many as the main focus of the gay rights movement- many people are still discriminated against in a variety of arenas every day because of their sexuality. One such sec tor is that of adoption. Although their inability

Management as Future Profession

Question: Discuss about the Management as Future Profession. Answer: Introduction Management is a profession that is valued in the modern world because it allows an individual to define the success of an organization. The managers play significant roles in the evolution and growth of an organization. Undeniably, being a manager implies that an individual must do more than a mere change by facilitating an evolutionary process. I understand that business success depends on the successful employees and strong managers are the component of employee success. Given its significance in the modern business environment, I believe I have the potential and zeal to succeed in this profession. Critical review of the management profession Many people would view managers as people who occupy a position of authority over others. However, McCrimmon (2010) defines managers as people who manage themselves while the management is a process where an individual engages everyone. To this effect, management is a role that goes beyond an individual. In the industrial age organization, managers were part of the formal hierarchies which were supposed to assign specific roles to workers as explained by Murray (2016). Based on this role, they managers had the powers to govern, plan, organize, and control the workforce (Chuang, 2013). This perception made the management a restricting and top-down function. In the post-industrial era, this attitude has changed because one has to be the own boss who has strategic partners, customers, and suppliers to consider in any decision-making process (McCrimmon, 2010). Management is beyond getting work done through others, especially employees. For instance, in todays world, we must be in a position to manage ourselves, our activities, and our time that rarely need formal managerial functions or manage people (Chuang, 2013). To this effect, the managerial function has been distinct from rules of such a manager such that the management function has become a responsibility of everyone in a company. In modern, post-industrial age, everyone needs to manage resources. Through a self-managing team, there must be a complex system to facilitate the management of work and measure performance precisely (McCrimmon, 2010). It entails becoming efficient in identifying the right goal and using the best means to achieving it. The management profession is the best in the modern society because it is an all-around function. Managers have to get their work done through self-managing and engaging knowledge workers. Without a doubt, managers are investors, customers, partners, and sports coaches. McCrimmon (2010) holds that managers seem to share attributes with investors, partners, sports coaches, and customers without getting identified to any of them. For example, Kane-Urrabazo (2006) asserts that managers are investors because they have to allocate resources so that they maximize return. For an organization to achieve a certain innovation level, the managers must respond to the competitive forces by considering the balance of power in an organization. For instance, the managers should consider engaging employees to enhance strategic decision-making. Alam, Gale, Brown, and Khan (2010) have provided insights into how human skills are important in managing projects successfully. Like other scholars, Alam et al. (2010) used a case study to understand the effectiveness of project management. With the help of a benchmark, the behavioral competencies are valued. In fact, through the management course, an individual would acquire the soft skills of a control group. From Alams et al. (2010) work, there is a direct link between competence development, education, and corporate performance thus justifying education and training investment. Mastrangelo, Eddy, and Lorenzet (2004) maintained that organizational viability depends on an effective leadership. Mastrangelo et al. (2004) held that effective leaders continue to engage in personal and professional leadership behaviors. These scholars relied on Baron and Kennys strategy thus giving personal leadership the role of mediation through cooperation. Al-Abri (2007) has also considered how ind ividuals can manage changes in health care industry. To this effect, the scholar has maintained that care professionals require expertise and skills to undertake their tasks within their areas of competence. It is evident that the global changes happening today are creating issues within organizations. To resolve the emerging problems, the managers require necessary training so as to design the best solutions. Project Proposal on Management as a Profession to Build a Strong Relationship between Employers and Employees Investors who are wishing to remain competitive and relevant in the modern market must be responsive to the human side of their business and organizational process. Chuang (2013) affirms that employees must remain social architects who have the ability and potential work at every level of an organization thus improve the business process and create an atmosphere for risk-taking, innovation, commitment, self-directed teamwork, quality, and self-improvement (Harter, Schmidt, Hayes, 2002). Wilkinson et al. (2004) noted that any positive attitude that an employee would uphold towards the firm depends on the engagement and relationship. The employers must invest in developing and nurturing engagement that needs a two-way relationship between employee and goal. Businesses anticipate making their annual production and performance reports to remain positive. However, achieving this projection is difficult where the employer-employee engagement is low (Lussier, 2005). Others factors are also crucial in influencing production such as poor logistics, poor materials, poor coordination, failing demand associated with labor faults and recessionary pressures due to unskilled workers, low employee engagement, and skilled or unskilled workers. Poor management process would remain disastrous to an organizational success as it creates production gaps. This research proposal on current worker engagement in organizations and factors that cause disengagement will be essential in understanding the performance of employees. Indisputably, a company with engaged workforce would register high performance because they are certain of job security, motivation, appreciation, and future growth. This proposal will thus focus on employee engagement, satisfaction, empowerment, and the causes of disengagement. It will thus be possible to review the employee engagement practices and their effectiveness regarding the management responsibilities. Workforce Engagement The engagement of employees shows the commitment they have in their work and organization thus justified their output as defined by Otara (2011). Many studies have failed to investigate and provide relevant information on how the management can build a positive employee engagement attitudes (Leiter Maslach, 1999). Employee engagement involves jab satisfaction, loyalty, commitment and passion with jobs, and the ability to embrace teamwork culture. Besides, Rutledge has explained that an engaged worker is inspired and attracted to their tasks because they remained fascinated and committed to the cause (Lovvorn Chen, 2011). Bockerman and Ilmakunnas (2012) maintained that engaged workers feel energized and passionate about their work. Otara (2011) agrees with Xesha, Iwu, Slabbert, and Ndunas (2014) definition of employee engagement as the desirable condition, loyalty for the employer, commitment, energetic, and enthusiasm of workers. Xesha et al. (2014) maintained that these workers think innovatively and critically thus enhance the growth of the firm. Engagement Models Many studies have researched engagement as a topic and management including Bockerman and Ilmakunnas (2012). Conversely, Leiter and Maslach (1999) study provided an in-depth analysis of this concept. Leiter and Maslach (1999) found that six areas of work would cause burnout, workload, perceived fairness, valued and meaningful work, reward and recognition, and social and community support. Therefore, job engagement values the psychological conditions, reward and recognition, equality at work, and motivation leading to organizational success (Morgan, 2015). However, the available literature has failed to show how well the management can build a strong relationship with workers without compromising organizational success. This will form the basis of the proposal so that it can bring a new idea on how best managers can embrace employee engagement without causing challenges to organizational success. This research will be a systematic method that can facilitate the finding of a solution to the problem. The method will achieve the results based on the secondary data analysis. The data will be collected from secondary sources and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The choice for secondary data is driven by the aspects of time and cost, and also it offers a higher quality data (Church, 2001). It can be used in triangulation and comparing of results. Management profession defines the success of an organization by valuing employee engagement. The important virtue attached to this position is their understanding of the unique needs, characteristics and wants of staff and customers. The skills acquired from this professional training ensure the manager monitors, tracks, and acts on all engagement metrics and remain accountable to their performance reviews. The secondary data and findings always differ from the research objectives. In fact, finding the data that relates to the particular research work may prove difficult leading to errors. References Al-Abri, R. (2007). Managing change in healthcare. Oman Medical Journal, 22(3), 9-10. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3294155/ Alam, M., Gale, A., Brown, M., Khan, A.I. (2010). The importance of human skills in project management professional development. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 3(3), 495-516. Bockerman, P. Ilmakunnas, P. (2012). The Job Satisfaction-productivity Nexus: a study using matched survey and register data. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 65(2), 244262. Chuang, S-F. (2013). Essential skills for leadership effectiveness in diverse workplace development. Online Journal for Workplace and Development, 6(1), 1-23.Retrieved from https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1133context=ojwed Church, R.M. (2001). An effective use of secondary data. Learning Motivation, 33, 32-45. Retrieved from https://www.brown.edu/Research/Timelab/archive/Pdf/2002-02.pdf Harter, J. K. Schmidt, F. L., Hayes, T.L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268-279. Kane-Urrabazo, C. (2006). Managements role in shaping organizational culture. Journal of Nursing Management, 14, 188-194. Retrieved from https://www.sjsu.edu/people/phyllis.connolly/courses/c17/s1/kane_umanageroleorgcul20060177.pdf Leiter, M., Maslach, C. (1999). Six areas of world life: A model of the organizational context of burnout. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 21(4), 472-489. Lovvorn, A.S. Chen, J.-S. (2011). Developing a global mindset: The relationship between an international assignment and cultural intelligence. International. Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(9), 275-282. Lussier, R.N. (2005).Human relations in organization. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Mastrangelo, A., Eddy, E.R., Lorenzet, S.J. (2004). The importance of personal and professional leadership. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 25(5), 435451. McCrimmon, M. (2010). A new role for management in todays post-industrial organization. IVEY Business Journal. Retrieved from https://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/a-new-role-for-management-in-todays-post-industrial-organization/ Morgan, J. (2015, Jan 21). Why all managers must be leaders. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2015/01/21/why-all-managers-must-be-leaders/#2f5381f65ef5 Murray, A. (2016). What do managers do? The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://guides.wsj.com/management/developing-a-leadership-style/what-do-managers-do/ Otara, A. (2011). Perception: A guide for managers and leaders. Journal of Management and Strategy, 2(3), 21-24. Retrieved from https://www.sciedupress.com/journal/index.php/jms/article/viewFile/397/187 Wilkinson, A. et al. (2004). Changing patterns of employee voice. Journal of Industrial Relations, 46(3), 298322. Xesha, D., Iwu, C.G., Slabbert, A., Nduna, J. (2014). The impact of employer-employee relationships on business growth. Journal of Economics, 5(3), 313-324. Retrieved from https://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JE/JE-05-0-000-14-Web/JE-05-3-000-14-Abst-PDF/JE-5-3-313-14-140-Xesha-D/JE-5-3-313-14-140-Xesha-D-Tx[8].pdf

Audit Assurance and Compliance Services

Question: Discuss about the Audit Assurance and Compliance Services. Answer: Introduction: Auditing is the important aspect in any financial managing company to keep all their data safe, secured and perfect without any missing information for any firm. This report talks about the work given to the auditors for making assessments of the statements related to the financial data by the management. The authorization of auditing the files are given only to those examiners who are found responsible and could present the data to the stakeholders by taking the leadership authentication and ruling out any glitches found in the information while maintaining professionalism and giving them overall finance required to the company by appropriate estimations (Audit.ucsf, 2016). Any information related to the organization is provided to the auditor as a part of morality and competence obligations. Any suggestions specified by the auditor to the company are given prior importance to execute by the management. The information related to the company should be perfect and complete without an y unclear data, so the auditors will have a keen view on all these aspects and wants it to be highly standard and accurate. If found any missing or unrelated information then they would enquire about it and clear the doubts (Cso, 2016). The task of assessing the financial statements is completed only after noting the ambiguities like revenue of the company, important assets and expenditure for that particular duration. The steps To Follow before audit and apply them to BSF Ltd Any accountant who has accepted for auditing the financial statements should be complaint to the laws by considering the fact that he should not get threatened by the organizations group or overlook the conducts of ethical rules as it is the suggested criteria from the ethical guidelines. It should be noted that accepting the task that leads to the cause of threats should be avoided by the auditor which is an essential point to be kept in mind (Isaca, 2016). So the rules in ethical guidelines specifies that before considering to execute any task for auditing you need to be aware of the factors that are mentioned in the guidelines. All the necessary information related to the clients and records of the business are needed to be gathered by the auditor for the present work and need to give the brief outlook of the work and issues if found so that it would not mess up at the end of the audit as it is dealt with the client outside (PwC, 2016). There is always a chance of rejecting the given task if found any proposed threat or insecurity. It clearly implies that every accepted task should be dealt carefully nevertheless of taking long time in assessing the audit files while it gives an opportunity of knowing the customer in depth. As the client gets approval from the auditor for auditing the files they take into consideration those formalities while never getting compromised on their objectives (Rbk, 2016). Threats can be expected from the new firms as a part of their job if any of the auditing team is related to the organization members in terms of share. Expectations of any threat to the auditing team from the client never says that the proposal has to be taken off or stop in between it can even been carried out under proper protection by safeguarding themselves from opponents. Measures should be taken to get away from the issue repeatedly and demolish it completely to avoid any further threats in future (Isaca, 2016). T he later level of audits are accepted by identifying if there are any further issues involved with them. Solutions should be designed for safeguarding the audit team from being threatened by the clients. Auditor efficiency varies based on the organization they are chosen for. It drastically varies if greater organizations are involved in auditing work. Clients such as BSF which is a high level industry the auditor is expected with special skills of efficacy and should be highly capable in order to understand the terms and policies of that firm in regards to their context (Rbk, 2016). In these aspects evaluation should be to the greater extent if auditor is accepting the task and it is a sign of inviting the threat on their own if they are not eligible for this task to complete and accepting it if unable to sketch out the business details at a prospective level. The satisfaction of expectations of clients , reaching the deadlines specified by them are need to be carefully understood by the auditor and should fulfill this requirements before approving the assigned task (Audit.ucsf, 2016). Condition at which Audit firm accept to do the Audit of BSF Ltd Not presenting the accurate solution that is according to the situation then it creates the way to the threats related to audit firm while giving the suitable conditions for the beneficial of the financial statements. Three kinds of risks are involved in auditing they are: Risk of control Risk of inherent Risk of detection Any possibilities of missing the data and taking commissions or interpreting the data in a wrong way in the financial statements then these are considered to be the inherent risks. These consequences vary from the controls and should be noted that are important to be verified. If the risk is at high level, certainly the industry has to face the risk of inherent which is similarly found with BSF limited (Rbk, 2016). The standards of BSF limited are independent from other firms and have their own judgments which are personal and voicing the nature with no restrictions are the rules required to step ahead. This implicates that risk of inherent is pretty high. There is no significant risk of control identified with BSF limited in such case as it is less than 5 percent involved. If mechanism required to control the process is not properly handled then that leads to control risk which can be aptly defined by this and it apparently makes a way to the threats if failing to recognize the statements that are materialistic (Isaca, 2016). Appropriate control measures internally are to be proposed to solve the misinterpretation regarding the BSF. Auditor should give an opinion on the control measures that are being input in the BSF. By implementing such measures it seems to work out well at BSF and efficient. BSF is comparatively having higher threats as it is the top level industry and the details related to their organization are not clearly given to the auditing team. This figure out the control measures and identifies that situation is controllable (PwC, 2016). If failing to recognize the missing statements from the financial bills of the company then the risk of detection comes into the picture. And it describes the inability of the auditor or giving an opportunity for the company by the auditor (Audit.ucsf, 2016). A customized systematic manner is to be followed while auditing the financial statements and has to rule out the missing of data or any other manipulations in the statements and appropriate corrections are to be proposed as it is not expected to record it in the books without necessary corrections as it affects the users interests at later stages. Multiple audit visits can be carried out to verify the mistakes and to reduce the chance of risks (Rbk, 2016). Mixture of three risks of audits is finally presented by the audit team after the completion of entire auditing process (Isaca, 2016). Increase in the three different risks such as risk of inherent, Risk of control and risk of detection are to be determined to know the risk involved in audit. Risk in Audit = Risk of control x Risk of detection x Risk of Inherent To identify the threats involved in auditing the task the audit team has found the process and has to report the possible ways to reduce the threats by acknowledging them is the work given to the team to make a final decision on the entire threats reduction. If the risk level is unmanageable, then the proposed suggestion is at rejection (Rbk, 2016). The risk level is proposed with number of safeguards process in case of risk of detection since the risk is at insignificant level. High labor and lengthy duration is required for this and approval is taken from the management before accepting any task (Isaca, 2016). Risk of inherent and risk of control levels are inversely proportional to the risk level of detection. Risk of detection is chosen to be at lower level by the audit team if threat of inherent is pictured in the situation while giving way to the risk of inherent at high peaks (Audit.ucsf, 2016). The final threat for BSF appears to be at higher level in auditing process for threat levels of detection and inherent. The calculations involved in audit risk are as follows: Risk in Audit = Risk of control x Risk of detection x Risk of Inherent =0.05 x 0.8 x 0.9 = 3.6% or 0.36 The threat level less than 10% is expected by the audit team to be moderate in general. Hence it is considered that threat of audit on BSF is on the safer side. This reveals that there are no restrictions in taking the task for auditing the financial statements. Audit program for the BSF Ltd The adequate amount of proofs related to the audit is to be collected by the audit team as a part of the auditing program in order to follow the appropriate systematic procedure of auditing the financial statements. The auditing process is carried out only if the account system of the client industry is evaluated by the team for example here it is the BSF limited. The accounting system is studied in detailed by the auditing team is the strategy followed on the clients tasks (Rbk, 2016). This at later stages are tested by conducting control and other tests which are related to this process to make sure that all proofs are gathered in the given duration of time. At the end the audit team has to be sure of providing the evidence correctly about the clients financial statements. The audit programs that are certainly recommended are as follows: Reports related to finance- on monthly basis List of accounts to be viewed Suggestions to be followed from the previous audits Proposing the financial balance at year end Reports to be sent to the required clients and list of funds needs to be received Predictive check on the account balance thoroughly Ledgers are maintained by the clients which are to be checked keenly and other related files The data from all the sectors should be matched after totaling the accounts The office accounts are to be linked to banks statements Number of transactions occurred should be verified and amount taken for the purpose is utilized accordingly or not should be checked How The CSIRO Grant Is Treated? The auditors from external team need to follow the entities regarding the irregularities on financial statements from the journal. The audit process is regulated using the journal from the department of accounting for accurate verification. The managing is enquired regarding the entries by the audit team and accordingly the funding is given (Cso, 2016). BSF has designed a success factor that the success in business is based on the development and research carried out. The uncertainty of research depends on the external factors. After attaining the success from such a research program then it can be taken for benefiting the needs of customers. The activities of research and development are to be carried out properly to get a success and the necessary targets should be identified. The targets which are in between should be executed depending on the budget allocated and the duration of time. BSF follows the journal guidelines to show the report effectiveness before marketing them (Audit.ucsf, 2016). The performance from the research that is undertaken newly by BSF is found to be quite complex but cost on research are given on daily basis of expenses and revenue. Collection of material and major equipments is given huge capitals (Rbk, 2016). The decision of fixing the funds is decided by the audit team as it has to be carefully tasked based on the requirements of work in the industry. Sign-Off On That Statement As Being True And Fair Is Required Or Not? The three entities that are involved in triple bottom line addendum are the environmental, social and economic production in the organization. For the audit to be in a signature process Spreckly has designed this system in 80s and made a first approach. BSF limited is corresponding to this triple bottom line terms and standards hereafter. The credits for the work executed on the financial statements is appreciated (Gay Simnett, 2000). Though the auditing process looks extended because of the procedure but the company management is pleased with the friendly approach environment and the respectful communication (PwC, 2016). The media reports that these rules are criticized by industries of other firms because of their diversion to the fish production company rather than the suppliers of food materials. This has made an attempt of getting food for next generations. It created a bias between the extremely poor and high people so the approach was not taken into account (Gay Simnett, 200 0). On the progress of working on this account though the initial take off was not appreciated it was considered as better solution in the later stages. In the scientific research, the triple bottom line is considered to be the success measure but it is not really accepted by the auditor to sign off as they were reluctant to accept (Whittington Pany, 2001). Are you willing to sign-off on that statement as being true and fair? From the conclusions it is evident that auditor has to get convinced and sign off the document because of the huge information that is available and processed through the auditing process is correct. After performing the extensive research the information is given based on the conditions in the market place and the predictions derived from the situations are submitted. The management is provided with the patent value that is capable of in producing the efficient output in future (Whittington Pany, 2001). The less availability of advanced technology is providing very less competition to the management and as the time progress it will change the opinion. There might be drastic change in regards to competition which is not exactly related to the market research (Gay Simnett, 2000). After a proper understanding is created in the market then we can notice a great interest on the patent value in another one or two years or so (Gay Simnett, 2000). The price is however fixed based on the popularity of product in the market and its sales conditions. The management is extremely not worried as it can get back the value of it in the later stages after fine evaluation in the market. References Audit.ucsf.edu. 2016.Audits (Assurance and Compliance) | Audit Advisory Services. [online] Available at: https://audit.ucsf.edu/audits-assurance-and-compliance [Accessed 11 Sep. 2016]. Cso.ie. 2016.Chapter 5 - Audit, Assurance and Compliance Arrangements - CSO - Central Statistics Office. [online] Available at: https://www.cso.ie/en/aboutus/governance/corporategovernancestandard/chapter5-auditassuranceandcompliancearrangements/ [Accessed 11 Sep. 2016]. Isaca.org. 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.isaca.org/knowledge-center/research/pages/audit-assurance-programs.aspx?cid=1003563appeal=pr [Accessed 11 Sep. 2016]. Gay, G.E. and Simnett, R., 2000.Auditing and assurance services in Australia. Mcgraw-hill. PwC. 2016.Points of view. [online] Available at: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/services/audit-assurance/publications/regulatory-debate.html [Accessed 11 Sep. 2016]. Rbk.ie. 2016.Audit, Assurance Compliance. [online] Available at: https://www.rbk.ie/services/audit-assurance [Accessed 11 Sep. 2016]. Whittington, R. and Pany, K., 2001.Principles of auditing and other assurance services. Irwin/McGraw-Hill.

Morals Essays - Demographics, Mountain Dew, Pepsi, Generation X

Morals That's Extreme Dude! If a person that never lived in the twentieth century visited 1997 for just one day, he or she would probably think that we are all trying to kill ourselves. Everything from sports, to music, to advertisements is extreme these days. People are doing things in sports that have never been attempted and are seemingly crazy. In advertising, people of this decade are portrayed as risk-takers, and dare-devils. There seems to be little regard for safety and a lot of regard for fun. I think that advertisers have grasped what this decade is all about, and I am proud to be a member of Generation X. Not everyone in this world is a risk-taker. I would say that most people try to live their lives peacefully and without very much drama. But, it is impossible to ignore the people who live their lives on the edge with No Fear. A clothing company called No Fear has had much success in selling shirts to the worlds youth. They have been so successful because that is the exact attitude of Generation X. Don't worry, be Happy, and Live life to its fullest are all catch phrases of this generation. People just want to have fun, and they find new and exciting ways to do it. Sports are a great example. The cable network ESPN hosts an event every year called the Extreme Games. It is a festival that lasts one week which involves sports that most sane people would never try at home. These sports include, skateboarding, in-line skating, sky-surfing, and street luge. Most of these sports are new to the 90's. While these games are being held, other advertisers have a field day. The soft drink company Mountain Dew ran commercials that said, Nothing is more intense than slamming a Dew. It also had many female actors in its advertisements in which they wore grungy clothes, nose piercings, and heavy make-up. This showed that women can be extreme too, and should not be counted out in Generation X. Pepsi has also gotten into the mix by its Generation neXt ads. They portray people doing wild and fun things with alternative music in the background. They Pepsi ads are very similar to the Mountain Dew ads. A good example that shows how big of an effect Generation X is having on the world is the Olympic games. Traditional sports that once got most of the attention during the games are losing ground to new venues which are being added all of the time. Olympians can now medal in sports like snowboarding, and mountain biking. Adding these sports to the Olympics meant a lot. It said to the world that these new extreme sports are real, and are here to stay. Just like the people of Generation X. In addition to sports, the music industry has changed by leaps and bounds. There is a radio station in Las Vegas called, X-treme Radio. The music played on that station is much more vibrant and exciting. It may not have to be appealing, but it is fast and intense. Many people such as Marilyn Manson have risen to the top by selling their music which involves violence and other things never mentioned in musical lyrics before. This is typical of Generation X, because we are a generation of people who are not afraid to speak our minds. This can be good and bad. It is good because, I believe that having the freedom of speech is what it truly means to be free. It is bad because these bad things being said are often about killing, stealing, drinking, and doing drugs, and young people hear it all. Another industry catching on to this extreme attitude is the automobile manufacturers. Cars are getting faster, and their designs are looking more and more aggressive. Most car advertisements feature young people having fun, while taking their trucks to the mountains to do extreme sports. The car manufacturer Saab has had the slogan, find your own road. This slogan is appealing to people of Generation X because that is what we are all about; finding ourselves, and doing things that have never been done before. The world is exciting and full

Camping Experience Essay Essays

Camping Experience Essay Essays Camping Experience Essay Essay Camping Experience Essay Essay When life develops twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. people tend to be nerve-racking stressed out. nerve-racking: doing a batch of anxiousness and concern Ex: Nerve-racking clip ( for thing ) by working. studying†¦Everyday. they normally encounter a batch tonss of= a batch of force per unit area. That is the ground why whenever they have clip. they about ever look for some comfy topographic points. some leisure activities to entertain themselves. An activity that I would wish to urge to you is traveling bivouacing. I think it’s an interesting activity for you and you will be satisfy satisfied after fall ining. Why non? After working hard and analyzing hard. if you and your household or your friends have clip for bivouacing. you all can bask those fantastic minutes together. There are a batch of antic things. such as: larning many accomplishments about how to do a collapsible shelter. how to fix a barbeque for all of you. how to keep some games. how to link all of people and develop relationships also†¦Beside that. you go bivouacing that means you go back nature so you can detect it and bask this ambiance. its air is really fresh and really â€Å"wild† – I think it’s a new thing for you†¦ excellent I went bivouacing at the 2nd twelvemonth of univerity. two dayS one dark. I went to Nam Cat Tien national park with my friends. Actually. It was the first encampment I had during university period so I was really eager before the trip. We decided to utilize motobike to travel at that place. because we thought that we could bask landscapeS along the route we went through. Just because we went there at morning so we – adolescents – felt that it was truly THE biggest One. it was a new thing we neer had before. That was a really nice experience I think you should seek it. We prepared a batch of nutrient before the trip because we are pupils. you know. salvaging money is the best manner ^^ . At Nam Cat Tien national park. we rented a collapsible shelter from a centre there ( I forgot its name ) . Manager of this centre helped ( HELP S. O DO S. T ) us to happen some firewoods FIREWOOD. ( UNCOUNT N ) to cook ourselves and led us up? ? ? collapsible shelter. He besides guided us to some celebrated topographic points in the wood. We were really aroused and grateful to him. We took a batch LOTS OF exposure together and discovered some new programs Plants and trees. possibly they were celebrated but we hadn’t known earlier. At dark some misss prepared somefood to roast GRILL IS BETTER. some soft drinks and some male childs prepareD some firewoods. after that we had a campfire. Of class we had some games to play together besides. but the thing I liked best was eating roasted batatas ( sweet murphy or yams ) . how interested we were! We enjoyed this minute until 2 a. m of THE nextday with a batch of vocals. now I am believing about it but still experience great! But you know. because Nam CatTien is a THE biggest wood. it has a lot= gt ; LOTS OF mosquitos. besides insects so we were bitten. We forgotpreparing some insect drugs so we got a small irritation. The following twenty-four hours. we came back â€Å"Xi Gon† HEHE but we got a job. three of motobikes ran out of energy FUEL. GASOLINE but there was non any gas station around at that place. We got confused and the director helped us work out this job once more. otherwise we had to travel to the gas station which is about 20 kilometre to purchase gas. God blessed us! It is truly memorable. I was satisfied with this bivouacing but I have some advisesADVICE for you. If you want to acquire a nice trip – I think no trip is perfect. but seek to cut down some jobs it is besides good for you acquiring TO Get a nice trip – you should do program carefully. how much money do you believe enough? Which conveyance will you utilize? What nutrient do you believe it’s suited? You should happen OUT some information about the topographic point you will travel to? You should fit yourself with some necessary accomplishments for a camp†¦Try to command things you think they are under your control.

E-retailing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

E-retailing - Assignment Example In 1997, Auto-by-Tel successfully sold their millionth car over the internet. As well, CommerceNet/Nielsen Media stated that they have attained more than 10 million people on the Web. According to Jupiter research the e-tailing has raised to $37 billion by 2002. Moreover, the e-tailing has also allowed the growth of e-tailware, software tools for producing online catalogs as well as dealing with business associates by performing e-tailing. In this scenario, a new movement is the price assessment sites that are able to rapidly compare prices from a number of dissimilar e-tailers as well as establish a connection between you and them (Schappell, 2000). This report will present a detailed analysis of a company that is specialized in e-retailing of business. This report will present a comprehensive analysis of some of main areas and aspects of the business’s e-retailing enhancement and establishment of more effective strategy for the potential management of business in a much better way. For this report I have chosen Maplin Electronics business. In this scenario, the main idea is about developing an expanded internet shopping capability for Maplin Electronics company website. Business Overview I have selected Maplin Electronics Corporation, which needs to improve its web based business and also create a better opportunity for the possible expansion in overall business and working arrangements. Maplin Electronics is one of the UK’s major corporate retailers of consumer electronics. Maplin Electronics business comprises a complete national network of 185 stores those are the main goldmine of valuable consumer technologies and gadgets. Maplin Electronics offers a variety of products including communication, cables, computing, components, music, home & car, power, TV & Satellite systems also Sat Navigational tools (Maplin Electronics2, 2011). In addition, Maplin Electronics is specialized in consumer electronics areas. Maplin Electronics is proud to present the most excellent and the majority informed customer recommendations on the high street. Additionally, the business encompasses a huge team of over 2,000 customer service support officers that facilitate thousands o f customers to make informed selections regarding technology purchases each and every day; from technology fans to the entire novices. Moreover, this business was initiated by two technology devotees in 1972 who were irritated by the lack of high-quality electronics products and components. Soon after the establishment of the business the Maplin Electronics rapidly turned out to be the experts’ preference, with a standing for the most excellent product variety and skills. In fact, Maplin Electronics Corporation has developed with high speed since launching over 30 years ago, its standing as the United Kingdom’s simply true experts in consumer electronics is yet at the heart of Maplin Electronics nowadays (Maplin Electronics2, 2011). Furthermore, Maplin Electronics Corporation allows its customers to buy products from more than 185 stores located in United Kingdom and Ireland. Maplin Electronics also allows its custom

Theology the Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theology the Church - Essay Example All through the world, men of God are renowned as true Prophets in the House, through a mission to envisage the body to be reinstated to the basics of the Apostolic Church that Jesus is building. The Lord is starting to illustrate the body a greater exposure and maturity of this often deserted ministry gift. Popular reconstruction starts with 'tombless' visions, and the separate appearance of an initially 'appearance free' empty tomb story, first in a pre-Marcan form and then as in Mark 16.8. The other evangelists then compile and develop the Marcan material in line with their distinctive redactional emphases. Thus, Matthew's descriptions develop his Jewish apocalyptic eschatology and illustrate the risen Jesus as Lord of the church in its new job to the Gentiles, as also contradicting Jewish opposition. Luke significantly improves the physicality of the renaissance, and highlights Jesus' fulfillment of Scripture as well as the centrality of Jerusalem for the source of a Spirit-filled mission of the church. John's account, marked all through by his high Christology, stresses the trust merit of the apostolic Easter indication and its call to faith in Jesus as Messiah and Son of God, while also rising the compound association between the Beloved Disciple and Simon Peter. Beyond this, lege ndary analysis traces apocryphal and Gnostic accounts with their more and more intricate development of the appearances and conversations of the risen Jesus. For scholarly reforms like this, the earliest customs knew no empty tomb and no appearances. Once such stories had begun to mount up, every new feature was prepared, sometimes more or less ex nihilo, to respond to the instant apologetic and pastoral desires of the evangelist's particular community. As the post-Easter public statement spread from Jews to Gentiles, the other titles developed for Jesus. The inculturation of the gospel in Gentile cultures required using terms that for the people uttered their faith in him as God and redeemer for them, and which in turn augment Christian considerate of the gospel itself. The titles for Jesus in the time of the Apostolic Fathers especially belong here and were very much influenced by the heresies combated. These improvements show that we approach an understanding of God through terms that are known to us as human beings. The more varied and multicultural the people who know Jesus, the more varied and compound will be the terms used to express this knowledge. Hellenistic Christianity lasted till the Vatican II. Simply from this time did Christianity become really a world religion, one that expresses itself in languages and notions of all peoples and cultures. This might explain why images of Christ have multiplied in current years. As marginalized men and women around the world seek to obtain Christ, they find in the gospels, their own cultures and personal experiences appropriate terms for expressing their faith in him. Vatican II supports in the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church. Because Jesus himself is the locus of God's congregation of humanity to the divine self, he cannot be constrained to any one church set up on a partisan basis. Christ provides the church its basic meaning. In him, the church

Designing Qualitative Research for Social Science & Health Essay

Designing Qualitative Research for Social Science & Health - Essay Example deteriorating health, the sudden transition to a life of lesser financial control appears to be the underlying factor for both changing health status and limited access to the initial lifestyle. Retirement is the transition from being a working individual into not working. There are many reasons why people retire. Some of these include voluntary, sickness, incapacitation and age. Age is the most common factor for retirement. Most retirees are considerably aged by the time they make the transition (Smith and Moen, 2004). The transition is sometimes made at a point in life when the input of the individual is fading and their youthfulness has been lost. These factors, combined with the sudden transition to being non-salaried, have been known to negatively impact the inevitable transition into retirement. Psychologists postulate that retirement has adverse effects both on the psychosocial and physical wellbeing of the individual. For instance, some researchers have attributed the transition to accelerated ageing (Osborne, 2012). Many retirees have alluded to the fact that they did not make substantive decisions regarding their retirement days since they could not figure out how the transition would affect them. This implies that many retirees do not have an aforethought strategy to manage their new-found status. For this reason, they are usually met with constant challenges, both psychological and organisational. Yet retirement planning is considered an essential part of the transformation that follows ceasing employment. Planning should ideally be done before the individual crosses over to the world of retirement. The most important part of the planning is to necessitate a smooth transition into the new phase in life. However, many people attempt to develop a retirement plan after experiencing what the transition is like, and sometimes after realising that they could have made misinformed choices as they settle down. Some of these misinformed choices are likely to

Impact of Organisational Retrenchment Strategies on Job Satisfaction

Impact of Organisational Retrenchment Strategies on Job Satisfaction This mixed-methods study conducted a survey and a follow-up focus group with employees of the Uganda Public Service in order to ascertain the impact of asset retrenchment on job satisfaction. The Uganda Public Service has made a number of organizational moves, especially in recent years, to make non-productive and/or corrupt employees redundant and to bring greater efficiencies to the public sector by directing workers to where they fit best in the organization. Naturally, these retrenchment policies have created a lot of change. However, this study discovered that retrenched workers who remained in the Uganda Public Service was not less likely to be satisfied or motivated than non-affected colleagues. Moreover, job satisfaction for retrenched workers remained constant even when controlling for variables of age, gender, and education. The Uganda Public Service likely erred in pushing through retrenchment without a formal change management strategy, as this study found that employees who had not been properly informed and/or prepared for the change were substantially less likely to be satisfied than those workers who had been prepared. One plausible reason that retrenched workers were not dissatisfied by the changes brought about by resentment may have to do with Herzbergs (1966) Two-Factor theory, which posits that workers who are laboring for emotional satisfaction are more satisfied than those who strive for money alone. As the qualitative aspect of this study revealed, employees of the Uganda Public Service are highly likely to be providers for others, and therefore prize their jobs for giving them this ability to support others, even though retrenchment may bring change and stress. The conclusion is that Third World workforces may need to be approached via different theoretical means that are more sensitive to the non-hygienic aspects of Two-Factor Theory. Declaration of Originality I hereby declare that this thesis has been composed by myself and has not been presented or accepted in any previous application for a degree. The work, of which this is a record, has been carried out by myself unless otherwise stated and where the work is mine, it reflects personal views and values. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information have been acknowledged by means of references including those of the Internet. I agree that the University has the right to submit my work to the plagiarism detection service TurnitinUK ® for originality checks. Nastasia Michail February 10, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS 50 5.0 INTRODUCTION 50 5.1KEY FINDINGS 50 5.2 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 51 5.3MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS 52 5.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH 53 5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 54 5.6 CONCLUSION 55 REFERENCE LIST 63 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest appreciation to my advisor Professor Paul Tosey, for his guidance and critical eye during the dissertation process. Professor Tosey challenged me to think outside the box and kept me focused on the specific topic. Furthermore, I would like to thank my mother and father, Shah and Nazir, and my brother Nabeel for only being a phone call away and being able to cheer me up and motivate me when it counted the most. Finally, I would like to thank my friends who supported me and who listened to me no matter what time of day. This dissertation has allowed me to  combine the concepts  I  gained from my Undergraduate and Masters Degree and is an insight into the learning that has taken place over the last five years. Although a daunting task, this dissertation has helped me learn more about myself and my hope is my research will make a meaningful contribution to the existing literature. CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction: This chapter will discuss the results of the findings of the research study ( as presented in Chapter four), in relation to past literature as reviewed in chapter two; for the purpose of examining whether our research has achieved its set objectives. It will also make recommendations on areas in which future research can be focused and set out limitations encountered in the course of the research. 5.2.0 Discussion of Findings Analysis of results carried out in chapter four indicated that the entire alternative hypothesis should be accepted. This section will therefore attempt to relate our research results with past research work. 5.2.1 Hypothesis One: Relationship Between Retrenchment and Job Satisfaction The two hypotheses to be tested here is whether any relationship exists between retrenchment and job satisfaction or whether there is none at all. Results as analysed in Table 4.7 clearly indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected this means that we are accepting the alternative hypothesis that there is a relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction Figure 4. 5 showing a scatter diagram of the relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction also demonstrate that retrenchment has a negative impact on satisfaction. The results from our qualitative research did not however agree with that of the quantitative; its own result suggested that the job satisfaction of majority of the retrenched workers remained constant both before retrenchment and after retrenchment; this could be due to the fact that survivors were already appreciative of the fact that they even had a job to keep both body and soul together and to take care of some dependents; this in itself is a satisfaction to them. Quantitive results was in line with Herzbergs (1966) Two-Factor theory, Maslow (1993) and Vrooms (1964) theories of worker satisfaction, they all predicted that retrenchment hurts job satisfaction. Cook and War (1979) also confirmed the result of our survey tool, that human asset retrenchment affects job satisfaction amongst the remaining workers leading to insecurity feelings amongst some of the workers and perceived over-burdening of the remaining ones This result for this study which is in line with past research as cited for the above literatures suggests that the retrenchment strategies embarked upon by the Uganda Public Service as studied in relation to those re-deployed or with altered job description as a measure to curtail the rising corruption level has negatively impacted the job satisfaction of both the workers who were re-deployed and the remaining workers in service. 5.2.2 Hypothesis Two: Physical Impact of Retrenchment on Survivors in the Short -term The null hypothesis here is that retrenchment has negative physical impact while the alternative hypothesis is that retrenchment has positive physical impact in the short-term on survivors. Results as seen in table 4.8 and fig 4.6 suggests that retrenchment only averagely physically impacted the survivors of the exercise; as also demonstrated in the table. Qualitative results of study for this variable illustrated that workers whose pay were reduced because their job responsibility also reduced had to look for additional sources of income to meet up with their needs; this also put more stress on them physically and sometimes affect their health. Denga (1987) had also earlier reported that retrenching workers led to series of psycho-social problems for the retrenched and Burke (1998) discovered that stress could be induced in survivors by organisational retrenchment and a decline in job security. 5.2.3 Hypothesis three: Emotional Impact of Retrenchment on Survivors in the Short Term There are two hypotheses here also: which is that retrenchment has no effect on the emotional status of survivors and that retrenchment affects the emotional status of survivors. This was measured in the questionnaire research tool and analysis of results in table 4.9 suggests that the emotional status of remaining workers were affected by the retrenchment as carried out by the Ugandan Public service. Even though, what is known as survivors syndrome that sets in after every retrenchment was not observed in this case study has previously reported by numerous authors (Kandula 2004 and Kupec 2010. This could be because workers in Uganda have developed a thick skin already to hard situations and so are not easily intimidated by sudden changes or hard situations. The qualitative results added another dimension to the emotional impact of retrenchment as some of the workers were not emotionally affected due to the fact that they were just re-deployed and they perceived this as a lesser evil than been fired or having a pay reduction. This factor made this set of people appreciate their jobs the more counting themselves as lucky and therefore working harder. While those workers of the Ugandan Public Service whose pays were reduced because their responsibilities too were reduced admitted to been emotionally affected for they have to look for means of adjusting to the new pay; this will involve either reducing their living expenses, looking for another job or extra jobs to supplement existing ones or getting into debts for those ones who cannot just cope. The findings however still reveal that survivors of the retrenchment strategy embarked on by the Uganda Public Service still felt insecure knowing fully well that it can be their turn too someday or soon, some also indicated that work which should be shared amongst many now became the burden of the remaining survivors therefore affecting them both physically and emotionally. Figure 4.6: which is also a scatter diagram representation of the relationship between emotional status of retrenchment survivors agree to the hypothesis that retrenchment affects the emotional health of the population 5.2.4. Hypothesis Four: Effect of Retrenchment on Motivation level in the Short Term The two hypotheses here is that retrenchment did not affect workers motivation level in the short term or that retrenchment affected workers motivation level in the short-term. Results as analysed in table 5.0 show that there is a negative relationship between retrenchment and motivation level in the short term, i.e. as retrenchment level in the Uganda Public Service increases, the motivation level decreases in the short-term. This suggests that retrenchment causes apathy within the public service under study, leading to a decrease in morale and motivation; subsequently reducing performance. The short-term here could be the two months or thereabout period when the incident just occurred. This agrees with the findings of Cook and Warr (1979) who had reported that retrenchment makes workers apathetical and so reduces their morale and motivation. This majorly impacts on the job satisfaction of the survivors who either believe it can be their own turn any day soon or feel they will be overburdened by having to also handle the jobs of the retrenched or the redeployed. Workers commitment does not improve after retrenchment as they will be de-motivated by recent occurrences. Tolkman 1991 also reported that Retrenchment may create demoralization, dampen organizational productivity and increase voluntary retrenchment, discourage the organizations most talented and productive members who will end up leaving the organizations Hertzbert (1966) and Maslow (1993) asserted that motivation is directly linked to job satisfaction and that motivators include; a sense of achievement, effort recognition, the nature of the work itself, and the desire for responsibility; they also both agreed that money or pay is down in the list. They both agreed that Job satisfaction is one major factor to determine amongst other factors the employees motivation which impacts heavily on production capacities as well as employees turnover. Employers whose institutions have little or no job satisfaction will always experience high turnovers as employees seek employment in other areas in pursuit of job satisfaction. Qualitative results of this experiment for this particular variable however suggests that the retrenchment effect of reduced motivation was only temporal and that workers morale was not permanently depressed; this is because their motivation in the first instance derived from the fact that they had a job which will cater for the needs of the family and since this urge has not reduced, their motivation will tend to be constant as long as they are not sent home. 5.2.5 Hypothesis Five: Effect of Retrenchment on Satisfaction level in the Short- Term The two tested hypothesis here is whether retrenchment of workers in the Uganda Public Service affects the level of their job satisfaction in the short-term or whether it does not affect satisfaction in the short term. Results as analysed in Table 5.10 clearly indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected this means that we are accepting the alternative hypothesis that there is a relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction in the short term Figure 4. 8 showing a scatter diagram of the relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction in the short-term also demonstrates that retrenchment has a negative impact on job satisfaction level of the Ugandan Public Service only on the short term; as one increases, the other decreases slightly as retrenchment strategies increases, on the short-term, job satisfaction level decreases slightly. This is in line with Herzbergs (1966) Two-Factor theory, Maslow (1993) and Vrooms (1964) theories of worker satisfaction, they all predicted that retrenchment hurts job satisfaction along two separate but complementary axes. Cook and War (1979) also confirmed that human asset retrenchment affects job satisfaction amongst the remaining workers leading to insecurity feelings amongst some of the workers and perceived over-burdening of the remaining ones. This result of this study which is in line with past research as cited for the above literatures suggests that the retrenchment strategies embarked upon by the Uganda Public Service as studied in relation to those re-deployed or with altered job description as a measure to curtail the rising corruption level has negatively impacted the job satisfaction of both the workers who were re-deployed and the remaining workers in service. 5.2.6 Hypothesis Six: Relationship between Survivors Syndrome and Job Satisfaction Null hypothesis here is that there is no relationship between survivors syndrome and job satisfaction while the alternative hypothesis is that there is a relationship between both. Results as analysed in table 5.20 favours accepting the alternative hypothesis. Result illustrated in fig 4.10 also suggested that retrenchment could lead to survivors syndrome This is in line with past research carried out by Kandular (2004). Although, as earlier said the survivors syndrome was not observed in the case study. It could be because the Ugandan workers have developed a thick skin by reason of experience to harsh social and economic circumstances encountered since birth, and are not as physically susceptible as Western workers when it comes to certain kinds of work-related stress; after all, the reality is that many of these workers experience all forms of stress as a daily condition of their lives in Uganda. Thus, survivors syndrome might be more apt to describe the experience of workers in more developed economies and more stable social climates and not in developing countries. Qualitative assessment of responses from case study however, confirmed that many of the affected people agreed that retrenchment in whatever form either as re-deployment, or reduced pay due to reduced job responsibilities can be traumatic and even decidedly more when it is un-expected or much time is not allowed for victims to prepare for it. 5.2.7 Qualitative Data The use of qualitative method of research in this study assisted in achieving or projecting a good picture of the impact of the retrenchment strategies of the Uganda Public Service. Respondents perception of the retrenchment exercise and effect were adjudged through relevant questions as highlighted in Appendix 3 using the qualitative focus group questions to access age gender and educational status impact on the variables of motivation, satisfaction, physical and emotional health and survivors syndrome of retrenched workers in the Public Service. It was discovered using the qualitative research method that age of workers affected the way in which they viewed the retrenchment strategies; that is, different age groups had different impressions of the exercise. The younger generation saw the exercise as fair since it forced the older generations out of the system. This is because the older ones were not working maximally as a result of reduced energy or strength or because they felt their even being in the position in the first place was not totally based on merit. The Older ones on the other hand did not seem to mind the strategies that much and felt that Opportunities should be given to them to hand-over their skills to the generation behind them before been ushered out of the system. Similarly, gender also had its own twist to the responses; it was observed that all the factors had more impact on female workers than male workers. Females with additional responsibility due to redeployment or retrenchment suffered more physically and emotionally as they also had more responsibility on the home front together with their office jobs. Effect on the males was also pronounced where the new situation imposed on them female bosses and majority whose ego could not adapt to such welcomed the retrenchment exercise as a way out; for they would rather be retrenched than to be submitting to female bosses. Lastly, majority of respondents agreed that retrenchment as carried out by the Ugandan Public Service was not on the basis of education; as their level of education was not considered as a factor in the process. Although, there were some isolated causes of faster promotion or senior position attainment after the exit of some workers as reported by a few of the respondents, this however was not the rule or norm; it was only a flash in the pan. The qualitative results in general, suggested that motivation and satisfaction of the retrenched workers that survived the retrenchment exercise was only affected on the short-term because things went back to status quo. The major reason for this can be attributed to the fact that workers motivation and satisfaction in Uganda derived majorly from the fact that they even have a job that will help them in meeting their daily family needs. All this findings is supported by Maslow (1993) hierarchy of needs and assertion where basic needs such as food, water, e.t.c. are crucial and the first instincts that people try to protect before any other things will follow. However, Hertzberg (1966) noted that people can only be truly and genuinely satisfied and motivated when they climb up to the highest height of the Maslows pyramid which is the height of self-actualisation and that huge satisfaction does not derive from hygienic needs alone. 5.2.8. Research objectives and aims Going by the results, analysis of the results and discussion of the results of the research work, it can be seen that the major objective of the research has been accomplished. The purpose of this study was to access the effect of the retrenchment strategies of the Uganda Public Service on the Job satisfaction of its workers. Through the use of questionnaires, surveys and interviews, we have effectively measured this and therefore can make useful recommendations to its management in the future 5.3 Implications for Management Organisations have different reasons for embarking on retrenchment; it might be to downsize in order to cut cost if it is having internal crises or just to remove dead weight and to improve the quality of service. Whichever reason, management decides to retrench; one thing they should keep in mind is that retrenchment does not occur as a stand alone event, it drags along whether reluctantly or not but surely some other outcomes. This research work has established a clear relationship between job satisfaction, motivation and retrenchment, no matter how little or short termed it appears to be and this will definitely affect the organisational goals and objectives if not well monitored. The clear implication of the findings of this research study for the management of the organisation understudy or even for all management hierarchies is diverse and variable. Retrenchment exercises should be undertaken with great caution and planning as its affects the morale of workers and anything that affects a work forces morale, if not sorted out fast, will definitely affect performance. Unplanned and poorly implemented retrenchment strategies can lead to physical and emotional unbalance for affected and non-affected staff, poor innovation, discipline and efficiency problems, bring demoralization, contribute to other workers retiring or resigning voluntarily, dispirit the most talented staffs which can lead to their exit; all these will together hinder the organisation from achieving its goal. Retrenching undisciplined, inefficient and incorrigible workers can serve as a warning to other workers; alerting them to sit up and face their work squarely or else they know the implication of not doing otherwise; nevertheless caution and planning should be rigorous so as not to send wrong signals to truly devoted and talented staff 5.4 Research Limitations Problems that were encountered in this research that served as limitations were that of Scheduling: Research could not measure long- term effect of retrenchments on staff and even the short- termed effect measured were not carried out immediately after the retrenchment experience. The impacts of the retrenchment exercise therefore depended on the timing of the experiment to the period of the incidence Research could not measure the impact on staff that were sent home , accessing them would be difficult Time constraints: research required a longer time period due to time taken to obtain the approval and consent of the relevant parties; this affected the length of the project and increased the budget. Another limitation perceived or encountered in the study is that which relates to respondents evaluating or reporting on their own selves; this can be biased and not entirely accurate; therefore affecting results of the research . 5.5 Recommendations for Management Behn, (1980) suggested that organisations should have a corporate strategy for the successful implementation of its retrenchment activities. This paper would also like to adopt such suggestions amongst others; which include Retrenchment basis or rationale should be communicated clearly to staff/affected workers so as to reduce negative impact of the exercise or to avoid sending wrong signals of job insecurity to workers. Objectivity should be employed in applying this basis and retrenchment should not be encouraged as a punitive measure majorly. Measures such as preparation of the minds of affected worker, training and counselling courses and seminars on entrepreneurship and life after retirement especially by the government, are good ways of preparing workers for uncertainties of the future. Generally speaking, organisations should adopt a culture of good welfare schemes such as loan assistance, various allowances, good pay, good career prospects and opportunities, mandatory career trainings, good working environment and working tools e.t.c to their staff, such that when retrenchment acts which is inevitable occurs; it would be understandable to the fair minds 5.6 Recommendation for further research Errors due to inability of participants to vividly remember occurrences usually trait the retrospective research method that was used for this work, therefore for future studies a stronger design can be considered in designing the experiment. A time series design will more likely to be appropriate. It is also recommended for future research that scheduling of this kind of study can be controlled for by planning studies to coincide with retrenchment time and also observing the constructs for a longer time period; so as to measure the long-term and short-term impacts of retrenchment in general CONCLUSION The implication of Retrenchment is quite considerable for all related parties; the management, the survivors and the retrenched, all do feel the great impact of this exercise; but the impact can be minimised if better planned for and strategically implemented. Retrenchment affect job satisfaction, motivation to work, either on short-term or long-term basis, physical health and emotional health of workers; therefore planning and preparation for this exercise is crucial to minimising its effect on all stakeholders.

Socrates :: Papers

Socrates Who is Socrates? Socrates was a Greek philosopher. He was the best of his time (400's BC), and is considered one of the wisest people of all times. Also, he was the first of three of the greatest teachers of ancient Greece. He was born and died in Athens. He was a short philosopher, who wore only a white robe at all times and all seasons. Socrates wasn’t interested in money nor fame. He wrote no books and most the information known about him comes from his students: Plato and Xenophon. He lived and based his teachings on principles and morals. He is well known for viewing philosophy as a pursuit of proper and for saying that philosophy was necessary to all men. He is also known for introducing two new methods: the Socratic Method and Socratic Irony. His philosophy and teachings have affected today’s way of thinking and contemporary philosophy in many ways Early Life Socrates lived thousands of years ago. There are no true records saying when he was really born, but Diogenes Laertius said, in his citation of Apollodrus’ Chronology, that Socrates was born in the fourth year of the 77th Olympiad and on the sixth day of the month called Thargelion.1 Plato said that he died at the age of 70 in 399, therefore being born on 469 BC (just ten years after the death of Confucius). He was the son of a sculptor named Sophroniscus, and a midwife named Phaenarete. There is not a lot of information about Socrates’ education. Plurach wrote that a fortuneteller once told his father to let Socrates do whatever he wanted, ‘allow him free play without forcing anything on him’.2 He made sure he got the appropriate elementary education. He was taught literature, music, gymnastics, and sculpture.3 Later, Socrates became interested in Geometry, the language and dialectics of the Sophists, the speculations of the Ionian Philosophers, and the general culture of Athens. In the Parmenides, Socrates, when he was very young, went to hear Zeno read a treatise and talks with him and Parmenides. Plato wrote that Socrates mentioned seeing Parmenides use the question-answer method (which he later used himself). In the writing the Meno, Socrates says that Meno was his teacher, in the words of the writer, he said that Meno was as bad a teacher to him as Gorgias was to Meno.

Psy 535

Multicultural research methodologies are one of the newest research fields to be implemented in recent decades. Traditional research methodology has been established for centuries, and has a very orthodox view of things like norms, measurement instruments, sampling, and observation. Multicultural researchers quickly found out that applying these same factors to their own research was inappropriate; the field of multicultural research demanded a different perspective if any sort of useful and accurate findings were ever going to be issued. Two areas where there is great difference between multicultural research and traditional research are measurement instruments and norms. In these two areas it is easy to demonstrate how traditional research has a much easier time being performed with the standard and well established concepts involving measurement instruments and norms. However, when a multicultural researcher attempts to answer a question or reinforce a hypothesis he or she will quickly find out that they must perform their research in a way that is very different from those in the traditional field. Measurement instruments are an excellent place to begin looking at the way multicultural and traditional research methodologies contrast. As the world becomes increasingly globalized and corporations begin to operate in many different countries encompassing different and diverse cultures, there is a clear need for accurate multicultural research on a myriad of topics. Even simple surveys like product satisfaction are more difficult for a multicultural researcher. Various countries and populaces simply have different viewpoints and this can cause entire research designs to have to be suited to specific nations, or even specific populations within those nations. For example, traditional researchers have found that it can be extremely difficult to get individuals in Latin America to participate in one of traditional researchers move time honored measurement devices; the focus group. (Morrow, 231) In contrast, many American citizens are quite receptive to the idea of participating in a focus group, a well-established fact known to most multicultural as well as traditional researchers. Those who are educated in multicultural research methods understand that Latin Americans have a very different point of view when it comes to how they value their time. For the average Latin American the idea of participating in a focus group is a waste of time that could be better spent doing almost anything else. The list of research measurement instruments that must be altered depending on the culture being sampled is almost endless. Mail surveys, another common tactic employed by traditional researchers to gauge opinion on a host of different topics have been found to be very inefficient with Americans and many Westerners in general. (Morrow, 256) Multicultural researchers have found that, through careful studies, other cultures are much more receptive to mail surveys. The Japanese, for instance, are much more likely to complete and return a survey mailed to them in comparison to the average American household who would likely discard the survey as â€Å"junk mail†. Morrow, 257) This is not to suggest that either culture is wrong for their treatment of this particular research instrument; rather, it simply highlights that people thousands of miles apart have vastly different cultural experiences that will shape their views on the importance of everything, including whether or not a mail survey is worth their time. An informed multicultural researcher would be wise to employ the mail survey when he or she is doing their work in Japan, just like a researcher working in the United States would achieve much better results by utilizing focus groups. Traditional researchers might very well plod ahead and send out thousands of mail surveys to Americans, knowing that they will receive a small percentage back. However, if these researchers were to pay closer attention to the cultural aspect of the research, they would be able to conduct their inquiries in a more efficient way, both in terms of money spent and answers received. A second area that holds great potential as a way to compare and contrast multicultural and traditional research methodologies is norms. Traditional researchers usually work with a well-established set of norms that rarely fluctuates. Gottfried, 117) Multicultural researchers operate in a much different environment. For those looking to perform a study or experiment that focuses on the impact of culture, they must pay very close attention to the individuals who they are surveying and how the norms for those people can be very different from the norms of others sampled. An example of this would be a multicultur al researcher attempting to study the public’s view of single-payer healthcare, as many liberals have suggested is a good idea for implementation in the United States. A researcher could ask a series of targeted questions to a group of Americans, but without considering their cultural leanings, the research would be inherently flawed. A fourth generation American of European descent will have rather â€Å"mainstream† views of the topic, which will contrast greatly with a first generation Canadian immigrant. (Gottfried, 112) The cultural norms for each of these groups will be very different, which will end up in them answering the question differently or, even if they answer the same, for different reasons. A traditional researcher would not pay very much attention to this issue, and would likely state that an American is an American, and that with a large enough sample size they would arrive at the correct diagnosis of the public’s point of view regarding the topic. Those who are involved with multicultural research know that by passing over the deep cultural divides that exist between most American citizens, the research would be virtually worthless. In conclusion, multicultural research and traditional research have much in common, but differ on some very important points. Two of these points are the relevance of norms and measurement instruments. Multicultural researchers will work much harder to get a better understanding of their respondent’s culture before asking questions and conducting other research. This ensures that the reasons behind their answers are known, which equal a more comprehensive research design. Measurement tools and their impact differ between the two research methods as well. Multicultural researchers pay close attention to the culture they are sampling, and employ research instruments that are the most likely to garner results. Traditional researchers are much more likely to use a blunt research tool, and use it over and over again until they achieve the necessary amount of responses. Both research methodologies have their place, and both will continue to benefit from the others perspective. Works Cited Morrow, Susan L. (2001) â€Å"Qualitative research methods for multicultural counseling: Handbook of multicultural counseling† Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications Gottfried, Paul Edward. (2002) â€Å"Multiculturalism and the Politics of Guilt: Toward a Secular Theocracy,† University of Missouri

Free Essays on Lillian Hellman

Lillian Hellman was born in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1906. She died at Martha’s Vineyard in 1984. Lillian’s work includes screenplays, plays, novels, short stories, and an autobiography/ memoir. Lillian’s personal life was reflected in most of her plays and sometimes even inspired the whole play. For example Lillian is described as an â€Å"independent child,† by Carol MacNichols in a â€Å"Dictionary of Literary Biography,† (Contemporary Authors) this trait of Lillian’s personality is portrayed in her story, â€Å" Run Away† which is in the book, â€Å" A writers reader†. Lillian was an independent person in many ways; this is reflected in her story, â€Å"Run Away†. The girl, whose name was never mentioned in the story, runs away from her home and lives on her own. The girl in the story leaves her home and stays in a dollhouse, takes care of herself, buys her own food, and even begs to rent a room. All of these are examples of this girl’s independence. Lillian is portraying her own sense of independence through this girl in her story. This girl reflects Lillian’s independence as a young girl. The const ant moving in Lillian’s life, a father that was hardly ever there, and life as an only child resulted in Lillian’s independence and rebellious ways. Lillian was led into an early marriage to press agent, Arthur Kober by the impulse of loving the publishers parties, and the adventurous life of the literary world of the nineteen twenties, which Arthur Kober was an active part in. In 1929 she accompanied her husband, Arthur, to Germany. Here Lillian was exposed for the first time to the Nazi movement, which was her first exposure to Anti-Semitism. Later this theme would come to play in her stage play, â€Å"Watch on the Rhine† and â€Å"The Searching Wind†. This is another example of how her personal life is sometimes reflected in her work. As time passed, Lillian’s marriage eventually came to an end o... Free Essays on Lillian Hellman Free Essays on Lillian Hellman Lillian Hellman Lillian Hellman was born in 1906 and was the only child of a shoe merchant and a woman from Alabama. Her father’s job required her to spend half of the year in New York and the other half in New Orleans. These two different locations gave her a taste of two different worlds throughout her childhood. These two worlds are very often merged in her plays. New York showed her a money conscious world of her grandmother whose Sunday dinners resembled corporation meetings and New Orleans represented the fluttery spinsters and black servants. (Dick, 1) She always knew she was going to be a writer ever since she was little and began to keep a journal. She realized â€Å"that an adolescent’s firsthand judgment was preferable to the tortured queries of old age.†(Dick, 1) Normally you would not expect Hellman to write for theater but she did not have skill for detail that fiction requires. In many of her plays the plot is based on an object such as a pen knife (Days to Come), a medicine bottle (The Little Foxes), a briefcase (Watch on the Rhine), and a bracelet (The Children’s Hour). Most of her plays have something to do with government and always have a problem that the characters have to solve using all of their ability and concentration. Elizabeth Hardwick talks about how Lillian Hellman’s plays are â€Å"triumphs of craftsmanship†(Hardwick, 4). Her plays usually consist of actors facing misfortunate problems and then using great energy and skill to try to figure them out. Hellman fills her plays with crisis and chaos from secret letters to grand theft. It seems that sometimes her characters are so busy coming up with clever ways to solve these problems that you might forget what the plot is about. Her plays are entertaining and useful in commercial theater but sometimes a little to confusing for a person who is trying to figure out the characters. David Hunt critiques Scoundrel Time which... Free Essays on Lillian Hellman Lillian Hellman was born in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1906. She died at Martha’s Vineyard in 1984. Lillian’s work includes screenplays, plays, novels, short stories, and an autobiography/ memoir. Lillian’s personal life was reflected in most of her plays and sometimes even inspired the whole play. For example Lillian is described as an â€Å"independent child,† by Carol MacNichols in a â€Å"Dictionary of Literary Biography,† (Contemporary Authors) this trait of Lillian’s personality is portrayed in her story, â€Å" Run Away† which is in the book, â€Å" A writers reader†. Lillian was an independent person in many ways; this is reflected in her story, â€Å"Run Away†. The girl, whose name was never mentioned in the story, runs away from her home and lives on her own. The girl in the story leaves her home and stays in a dollhouse, takes care of herself, buys her own food, and even begs to rent a room. All of these are examples of this girl’s independence. Lillian is portraying her own sense of independence through this girl in her story. This girl reflects Lillian’s independence as a young girl. The const ant moving in Lillian’s life, a father that was hardly ever there, and life as an only child resulted in Lillian’s independence and rebellious ways. Lillian was led into an early marriage to press agent, Arthur Kober by the impulse of loving the publishers parties, and the adventurous life of the literary world of the nineteen twenties, which Arthur Kober was an active part in. In 1929 she accompanied her husband, Arthur, to Germany. Here Lillian was exposed for the first time to the Nazi movement, which was her first exposure to Anti-Semitism. Later this theme would come to play in her stage play, â€Å"Watch on the Rhine† and â€Å"The Searching Wind†. This is another example of how her personal life is sometimes reflected in her work. As time passed, Lillian’s marriage eventually came to an end o...