Morals Essays - Demographics, Mountain Dew, Pepsi, Generation X

Morals That's Extreme Dude! If a person that never lived in the twentieth century visited 1997 for just one day, he or she would probably think that we are all trying to kill ourselves. Everything from sports, to music, to advertisements is extreme these days. People are doing things in sports that have never been attempted and are seemingly crazy. In advertising, people of this decade are portrayed as risk-takers, and dare-devils. There seems to be little regard for safety and a lot of regard for fun. I think that advertisers have grasped what this decade is all about, and I am proud to be a member of Generation X. Not everyone in this world is a risk-taker. I would say that most people try to live their lives peacefully and without very much drama. But, it is impossible to ignore the people who live their lives on the edge with No Fear. A clothing company called No Fear has had much success in selling shirts to the worlds youth. They have been so successful because that is the exact attitude of Generation X. Don't worry, be Happy, and Live life to its fullest are all catch phrases of this generation. People just want to have fun, and they find new and exciting ways to do it. Sports are a great example. The cable network ESPN hosts an event every year called the Extreme Games. It is a festival that lasts one week which involves sports that most sane people would never try at home. These sports include, skateboarding, in-line skating, sky-surfing, and street luge. Most of these sports are new to the 90's. While these games are being held, other advertisers have a field day. The soft drink company Mountain Dew ran commercials that said, Nothing is more intense than slamming a Dew. It also had many female actors in its advertisements in which they wore grungy clothes, nose piercings, and heavy make-up. This showed that women can be extreme too, and should not be counted out in Generation X. Pepsi has also gotten into the mix by its Generation neXt ads. They portray people doing wild and fun things with alternative music in the background. They Pepsi ads are very similar to the Mountain Dew ads. A good example that shows how big of an effect Generation X is having on the world is the Olympic games. Traditional sports that once got most of the attention during the games are losing ground to new venues which are being added all of the time. Olympians can now medal in sports like snowboarding, and mountain biking. Adding these sports to the Olympics meant a lot. It said to the world that these new extreme sports are real, and are here to stay. Just like the people of Generation X. In addition to sports, the music industry has changed by leaps and bounds. There is a radio station in Las Vegas called, X-treme Radio. The music played on that station is much more vibrant and exciting. It may not have to be appealing, but it is fast and intense. Many people such as Marilyn Manson have risen to the top by selling their music which involves violence and other things never mentioned in musical lyrics before. This is typical of Generation X, because we are a generation of people who are not afraid to speak our minds. This can be good and bad. It is good because, I believe that having the freedom of speech is what it truly means to be free. It is bad because these bad things being said are often about killing, stealing, drinking, and doing drugs, and young people hear it all. Another industry catching on to this extreme attitude is the automobile manufacturers. Cars are getting faster, and their designs are looking more and more aggressive. Most car advertisements feature young people having fun, while taking their trucks to the mountains to do extreme sports. The car manufacturer Saab has had the slogan, find your own road. This slogan is appealing to people of Generation X because that is what we are all about; finding ourselves, and doing things that have never been done before. The world is exciting and full

Camping Experience Essay Essays

Camping Experience Essay Essays Camping Experience Essay Essay Camping Experience Essay Essay When life develops twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. people tend to be nerve-racking stressed out. nerve-racking: doing a batch of anxiousness and concern Ex: Nerve-racking clip ( for thing ) by working. studying†¦Everyday. they normally encounter a batch tonss of= a batch of force per unit area. That is the ground why whenever they have clip. they about ever look for some comfy topographic points. some leisure activities to entertain themselves. An activity that I would wish to urge to you is traveling bivouacing. I think it’s an interesting activity for you and you will be satisfy satisfied after fall ining. Why non? After working hard and analyzing hard. if you and your household or your friends have clip for bivouacing. you all can bask those fantastic minutes together. There are a batch of antic things. such as: larning many accomplishments about how to do a collapsible shelter. how to fix a barbeque for all of you. how to keep some games. how to link all of people and develop relationships also†¦Beside that. you go bivouacing that means you go back nature so you can detect it and bask this ambiance. its air is really fresh and really â€Å"wild† – I think it’s a new thing for you†¦ excellent I went bivouacing at the 2nd twelvemonth of univerity. two dayS one dark. I went to Nam Cat Tien national park with my friends. Actually. It was the first encampment I had during university period so I was really eager before the trip. We decided to utilize motobike to travel at that place. because we thought that we could bask landscapeS along the route we went through. Just because we went there at morning so we – adolescents – felt that it was truly THE biggest One. it was a new thing we neer had before. That was a really nice experience I think you should seek it. We prepared a batch of nutrient before the trip because we are pupils. you know. salvaging money is the best manner ^^ . At Nam Cat Tien national park. we rented a collapsible shelter from a centre there ( I forgot its name ) . Manager of this centre helped ( HELP S. O DO S. T ) us to happen some firewoods FIREWOOD. ( UNCOUNT N ) to cook ourselves and led us up? ? ? collapsible shelter. He besides guided us to some celebrated topographic points in the wood. We were really aroused and grateful to him. We took a batch LOTS OF exposure together and discovered some new programs Plants and trees. possibly they were celebrated but we hadn’t known earlier. At dark some misss prepared somefood to roast GRILL IS BETTER. some soft drinks and some male childs prepareD some firewoods. after that we had a campfire. Of class we had some games to play together besides. but the thing I liked best was eating roasted batatas ( sweet murphy or yams ) . how interested we were! We enjoyed this minute until 2 a. m of THE nextday with a batch of vocals. now I am believing about it but still experience great! But you know. because Nam CatTien is a THE biggest wood. it has a lot= gt ; LOTS OF mosquitos. besides insects so we were bitten. We forgotpreparing some insect drugs so we got a small irritation. The following twenty-four hours. we came back â€Å"Xi Gon† HEHE but we got a job. three of motobikes ran out of energy FUEL. GASOLINE but there was non any gas station around at that place. We got confused and the director helped us work out this job once more. otherwise we had to travel to the gas station which is about 20 kilometre to purchase gas. God blessed us! It is truly memorable. I was satisfied with this bivouacing but I have some advisesADVICE for you. If you want to acquire a nice trip – I think no trip is perfect. but seek to cut down some jobs it is besides good for you acquiring TO Get a nice trip – you should do program carefully. how much money do you believe enough? Which conveyance will you utilize? What nutrient do you believe it’s suited? You should happen OUT some information about the topographic point you will travel to? You should fit yourself with some necessary accomplishments for a camp†¦Try to command things you think they are under your control.

E-retailing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

E-retailing - Assignment Example In 1997, Auto-by-Tel successfully sold their millionth car over the internet. As well, CommerceNet/Nielsen Media stated that they have attained more than 10 million people on the Web. According to Jupiter research the e-tailing has raised to $37 billion by 2002. Moreover, the e-tailing has also allowed the growth of e-tailware, software tools for producing online catalogs as well as dealing with business associates by performing e-tailing. In this scenario, a new movement is the price assessment sites that are able to rapidly compare prices from a number of dissimilar e-tailers as well as establish a connection between you and them (Schappell, 2000). This report will present a detailed analysis of a company that is specialized in e-retailing of business. This report will present a comprehensive analysis of some of main areas and aspects of the business’s e-retailing enhancement and establishment of more effective strategy for the potential management of business in a much better way. For this report I have chosen Maplin Electronics business. In this scenario, the main idea is about developing an expanded internet shopping capability for Maplin Electronics company website. Business Overview I have selected Maplin Electronics Corporation, which needs to improve its web based business and also create a better opportunity for the possible expansion in overall business and working arrangements. Maplin Electronics is one of the UK’s major corporate retailers of consumer electronics. Maplin Electronics business comprises a complete national network of 185 stores those are the main goldmine of valuable consumer technologies and gadgets. Maplin Electronics offers a variety of products including communication, cables, computing, components, music, home & car, power, TV & Satellite systems also Sat Navigational tools (Maplin Electronics2, 2011). In addition, Maplin Electronics is specialized in consumer electronics areas. Maplin Electronics is proud to present the most excellent and the majority informed customer recommendations on the high street. Additionally, the business encompasses a huge team of over 2,000 customer service support officers that facilitate thousands o f customers to make informed selections regarding technology purchases each and every day; from technology fans to the entire novices. Moreover, this business was initiated by two technology devotees in 1972 who were irritated by the lack of high-quality electronics products and components. Soon after the establishment of the business the Maplin Electronics rapidly turned out to be the experts’ preference, with a standing for the most excellent product variety and skills. In fact, Maplin Electronics Corporation has developed with high speed since launching over 30 years ago, its standing as the United Kingdom’s simply true experts in consumer electronics is yet at the heart of Maplin Electronics nowadays (Maplin Electronics2, 2011). Furthermore, Maplin Electronics Corporation allows its customers to buy products from more than 185 stores located in United Kingdom and Ireland. Maplin Electronics also allows its custom

Theology the Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theology the Church - Essay Example All through the world, men of God are renowned as true Prophets in the House, through a mission to envisage the body to be reinstated to the basics of the Apostolic Church that Jesus is building. The Lord is starting to illustrate the body a greater exposure and maturity of this often deserted ministry gift. Popular reconstruction starts with 'tombless' visions, and the separate appearance of an initially 'appearance free' empty tomb story, first in a pre-Marcan form and then as in Mark 16.8. The other evangelists then compile and develop the Marcan material in line with their distinctive redactional emphases. Thus, Matthew's descriptions develop his Jewish apocalyptic eschatology and illustrate the risen Jesus as Lord of the church in its new job to the Gentiles, as also contradicting Jewish opposition. Luke significantly improves the physicality of the renaissance, and highlights Jesus' fulfillment of Scripture as well as the centrality of Jerusalem for the source of a Spirit-filled mission of the church. John's account, marked all through by his high Christology, stresses the trust merit of the apostolic Easter indication and its call to faith in Jesus as Messiah and Son of God, while also rising the compound association between the Beloved Disciple and Simon Peter. Beyond this, lege ndary analysis traces apocryphal and Gnostic accounts with their more and more intricate development of the appearances and conversations of the risen Jesus. For scholarly reforms like this, the earliest customs knew no empty tomb and no appearances. Once such stories had begun to mount up, every new feature was prepared, sometimes more or less ex nihilo, to respond to the instant apologetic and pastoral desires of the evangelist's particular community. As the post-Easter public statement spread from Jews to Gentiles, the other titles developed for Jesus. The inculturation of the gospel in Gentile cultures required using terms that for the people uttered their faith in him as God and redeemer for them, and which in turn augment Christian considerate of the gospel itself. The titles for Jesus in the time of the Apostolic Fathers especially belong here and were very much influenced by the heresies combated. These improvements show that we approach an understanding of God through terms that are known to us as human beings. The more varied and multicultural the people who know Jesus, the more varied and compound will be the terms used to express this knowledge. Hellenistic Christianity lasted till the Vatican II. Simply from this time did Christianity become really a world religion, one that expresses itself in languages and notions of all peoples and cultures. This might explain why images of Christ have multiplied in current years. As marginalized men and women around the world seek to obtain Christ, they find in the gospels, their own cultures and personal experiences appropriate terms for expressing their faith in him. Vatican II supports in the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church. Because Jesus himself is the locus of God's congregation of humanity to the divine self, he cannot be constrained to any one church set up on a partisan basis. Christ provides the church its basic meaning. In him, the church

Designing Qualitative Research for Social Science & Health Essay

Designing Qualitative Research for Social Science & Health - Essay Example deteriorating health, the sudden transition to a life of lesser financial control appears to be the underlying factor for both changing health status and limited access to the initial lifestyle. Retirement is the transition from being a working individual into not working. There are many reasons why people retire. Some of these include voluntary, sickness, incapacitation and age. Age is the most common factor for retirement. Most retirees are considerably aged by the time they make the transition (Smith and Moen, 2004). The transition is sometimes made at a point in life when the input of the individual is fading and their youthfulness has been lost. These factors, combined with the sudden transition to being non-salaried, have been known to negatively impact the inevitable transition into retirement. Psychologists postulate that retirement has adverse effects both on the psychosocial and physical wellbeing of the individual. For instance, some researchers have attributed the transition to accelerated ageing (Osborne, 2012). Many retirees have alluded to the fact that they did not make substantive decisions regarding their retirement days since they could not figure out how the transition would affect them. This implies that many retirees do not have an aforethought strategy to manage their new-found status. For this reason, they are usually met with constant challenges, both psychological and organisational. Yet retirement planning is considered an essential part of the transformation that follows ceasing employment. Planning should ideally be done before the individual crosses over to the world of retirement. The most important part of the planning is to necessitate a smooth transition into the new phase in life. However, many people attempt to develop a retirement plan after experiencing what the transition is like, and sometimes after realising that they could have made misinformed choices as they settle down. Some of these misinformed choices are likely to

Impact of Organisational Retrenchment Strategies on Job Satisfaction

Impact of Organisational Retrenchment Strategies on Job Satisfaction This mixed-methods study conducted a survey and a follow-up focus group with employees of the Uganda Public Service in order to ascertain the impact of asset retrenchment on job satisfaction. The Uganda Public Service has made a number of organizational moves, especially in recent years, to make non-productive and/or corrupt employees redundant and to bring greater efficiencies to the public sector by directing workers to where they fit best in the organization. Naturally, these retrenchment policies have created a lot of change. However, this study discovered that retrenched workers who remained in the Uganda Public Service was not less likely to be satisfied or motivated than non-affected colleagues. Moreover, job satisfaction for retrenched workers remained constant even when controlling for variables of age, gender, and education. The Uganda Public Service likely erred in pushing through retrenchment without a formal change management strategy, as this study found that employees who had not been properly informed and/or prepared for the change were substantially less likely to be satisfied than those workers who had been prepared. One plausible reason that retrenched workers were not dissatisfied by the changes brought about by resentment may have to do with Herzbergs (1966) Two-Factor theory, which posits that workers who are laboring for emotional satisfaction are more satisfied than those who strive for money alone. As the qualitative aspect of this study revealed, employees of the Uganda Public Service are highly likely to be providers for others, and therefore prize their jobs for giving them this ability to support others, even though retrenchment may bring change and stress. The conclusion is that Third World workforces may need to be approached via different theoretical means that are more sensitive to the non-hygienic aspects of Two-Factor Theory. Declaration of Originality I hereby declare that this thesis has been composed by myself and has not been presented or accepted in any previous application for a degree. The work, of which this is a record, has been carried out by myself unless otherwise stated and where the work is mine, it reflects personal views and values. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information have been acknowledged by means of references including those of the Internet. I agree that the University has the right to submit my work to the plagiarism detection service TurnitinUK ® for originality checks. Nastasia Michail February 10, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS 50 5.0 INTRODUCTION 50 5.1KEY FINDINGS 50 5.2 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 51 5.3MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS 52 5.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH 53 5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 54 5.6 CONCLUSION 55 REFERENCE LIST 63 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest appreciation to my advisor Professor Paul Tosey, for his guidance and critical eye during the dissertation process. Professor Tosey challenged me to think outside the box and kept me focused on the specific topic. Furthermore, I would like to thank my mother and father, Shah and Nazir, and my brother Nabeel for only being a phone call away and being able to cheer me up and motivate me when it counted the most. Finally, I would like to thank my friends who supported me and who listened to me no matter what time of day. This dissertation has allowed me to  combine the concepts  I  gained from my Undergraduate and Masters Degree and is an insight into the learning that has taken place over the last five years. Although a daunting task, this dissertation has helped me learn more about myself and my hope is my research will make a meaningful contribution to the existing literature. CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction: This chapter will discuss the results of the findings of the research study ( as presented in Chapter four), in relation to past literature as reviewed in chapter two; for the purpose of examining whether our research has achieved its set objectives. It will also make recommendations on areas in which future research can be focused and set out limitations encountered in the course of the research. 5.2.0 Discussion of Findings Analysis of results carried out in chapter four indicated that the entire alternative hypothesis should be accepted. This section will therefore attempt to relate our research results with past research work. 5.2.1 Hypothesis One: Relationship Between Retrenchment and Job Satisfaction The two hypotheses to be tested here is whether any relationship exists between retrenchment and job satisfaction or whether there is none at all. Results as analysed in Table 4.7 clearly indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected this means that we are accepting the alternative hypothesis that there is a relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction Figure 4. 5 showing a scatter diagram of the relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction also demonstrate that retrenchment has a negative impact on satisfaction. The results from our qualitative research did not however agree with that of the quantitative; its own result suggested that the job satisfaction of majority of the retrenched workers remained constant both before retrenchment and after retrenchment; this could be due to the fact that survivors were already appreciative of the fact that they even had a job to keep both body and soul together and to take care of some dependents; this in itself is a satisfaction to them. Quantitive results was in line with Herzbergs (1966) Two-Factor theory, Maslow (1993) and Vrooms (1964) theories of worker satisfaction, they all predicted that retrenchment hurts job satisfaction. Cook and War (1979) also confirmed the result of our survey tool, that human asset retrenchment affects job satisfaction amongst the remaining workers leading to insecurity feelings amongst some of the workers and perceived over-burdening of the remaining ones This result for this study which is in line with past research as cited for the above literatures suggests that the retrenchment strategies embarked upon by the Uganda Public Service as studied in relation to those re-deployed or with altered job description as a measure to curtail the rising corruption level has negatively impacted the job satisfaction of both the workers who were re-deployed and the remaining workers in service. 5.2.2 Hypothesis Two: Physical Impact of Retrenchment on Survivors in the Short -term The null hypothesis here is that retrenchment has negative physical impact while the alternative hypothesis is that retrenchment has positive physical impact in the short-term on survivors. Results as seen in table 4.8 and fig 4.6 suggests that retrenchment only averagely physically impacted the survivors of the exercise; as also demonstrated in the table. Qualitative results of study for this variable illustrated that workers whose pay were reduced because their job responsibility also reduced had to look for additional sources of income to meet up with their needs; this also put more stress on them physically and sometimes affect their health. Denga (1987) had also earlier reported that retrenching workers led to series of psycho-social problems for the retrenched and Burke (1998) discovered that stress could be induced in survivors by organisational retrenchment and a decline in job security. 5.2.3 Hypothesis three: Emotional Impact of Retrenchment on Survivors in the Short Term There are two hypotheses here also: which is that retrenchment has no effect on the emotional status of survivors and that retrenchment affects the emotional status of survivors. This was measured in the questionnaire research tool and analysis of results in table 4.9 suggests that the emotional status of remaining workers were affected by the retrenchment as carried out by the Ugandan Public service. Even though, what is known as survivors syndrome that sets in after every retrenchment was not observed in this case study has previously reported by numerous authors (Kandula 2004 and Kupec 2010. This could be because workers in Uganda have developed a thick skin already to hard situations and so are not easily intimidated by sudden changes or hard situations. The qualitative results added another dimension to the emotional impact of retrenchment as some of the workers were not emotionally affected due to the fact that they were just re-deployed and they perceived this as a lesser evil than been fired or having a pay reduction. This factor made this set of people appreciate their jobs the more counting themselves as lucky and therefore working harder. While those workers of the Ugandan Public Service whose pays were reduced because their responsibilities too were reduced admitted to been emotionally affected for they have to look for means of adjusting to the new pay; this will involve either reducing their living expenses, looking for another job or extra jobs to supplement existing ones or getting into debts for those ones who cannot just cope. The findings however still reveal that survivors of the retrenchment strategy embarked on by the Uganda Public Service still felt insecure knowing fully well that it can be their turn too someday or soon, some also indicated that work which should be shared amongst many now became the burden of the remaining survivors therefore affecting them both physically and emotionally. Figure 4.6: which is also a scatter diagram representation of the relationship between emotional status of retrenchment survivors agree to the hypothesis that retrenchment affects the emotional health of the population 5.2.4. Hypothesis Four: Effect of Retrenchment on Motivation level in the Short Term The two hypotheses here is that retrenchment did not affect workers motivation level in the short term or that retrenchment affected workers motivation level in the short-term. Results as analysed in table 5.0 show that there is a negative relationship between retrenchment and motivation level in the short term, i.e. as retrenchment level in the Uganda Public Service increases, the motivation level decreases in the short-term. This suggests that retrenchment causes apathy within the public service under study, leading to a decrease in morale and motivation; subsequently reducing performance. The short-term here could be the two months or thereabout period when the incident just occurred. This agrees with the findings of Cook and Warr (1979) who had reported that retrenchment makes workers apathetical and so reduces their morale and motivation. This majorly impacts on the job satisfaction of the survivors who either believe it can be their own turn any day soon or feel they will be overburdened by having to also handle the jobs of the retrenched or the redeployed. Workers commitment does not improve after retrenchment as they will be de-motivated by recent occurrences. Tolkman 1991 also reported that Retrenchment may create demoralization, dampen organizational productivity and increase voluntary retrenchment, discourage the organizations most talented and productive members who will end up leaving the organizations Hertzbert (1966) and Maslow (1993) asserted that motivation is directly linked to job satisfaction and that motivators include; a sense of achievement, effort recognition, the nature of the work itself, and the desire for responsibility; they also both agreed that money or pay is down in the list. They both agreed that Job satisfaction is one major factor to determine amongst other factors the employees motivation which impacts heavily on production capacities as well as employees turnover. Employers whose institutions have little or no job satisfaction will always experience high turnovers as employees seek employment in other areas in pursuit of job satisfaction. Qualitative results of this experiment for this particular variable however suggests that the retrenchment effect of reduced motivation was only temporal and that workers morale was not permanently depressed; this is because their motivation in the first instance derived from the fact that they had a job which will cater for the needs of the family and since this urge has not reduced, their motivation will tend to be constant as long as they are not sent home. 5.2.5 Hypothesis Five: Effect of Retrenchment on Satisfaction level in the Short- Term The two tested hypothesis here is whether retrenchment of workers in the Uganda Public Service affects the level of their job satisfaction in the short-term or whether it does not affect satisfaction in the short term. Results as analysed in Table 5.10 clearly indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected this means that we are accepting the alternative hypothesis that there is a relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction in the short term Figure 4. 8 showing a scatter diagram of the relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction in the short-term also demonstrates that retrenchment has a negative impact on job satisfaction level of the Ugandan Public Service only on the short term; as one increases, the other decreases slightly as retrenchment strategies increases, on the short-term, job satisfaction level decreases slightly. This is in line with Herzbergs (1966) Two-Factor theory, Maslow (1993) and Vrooms (1964) theories of worker satisfaction, they all predicted that retrenchment hurts job satisfaction along two separate but complementary axes. Cook and War (1979) also confirmed that human asset retrenchment affects job satisfaction amongst the remaining workers leading to insecurity feelings amongst some of the workers and perceived over-burdening of the remaining ones. This result of this study which is in line with past research as cited for the above literatures suggests that the retrenchment strategies embarked upon by the Uganda Public Service as studied in relation to those re-deployed or with altered job description as a measure to curtail the rising corruption level has negatively impacted the job satisfaction of both the workers who were re-deployed and the remaining workers in service. 5.2.6 Hypothesis Six: Relationship between Survivors Syndrome and Job Satisfaction Null hypothesis here is that there is no relationship between survivors syndrome and job satisfaction while the alternative hypothesis is that there is a relationship between both. Results as analysed in table 5.20 favours accepting the alternative hypothesis. Result illustrated in fig 4.10 also suggested that retrenchment could lead to survivors syndrome This is in line with past research carried out by Kandular (2004). Although, as earlier said the survivors syndrome was not observed in the case study. It could be because the Ugandan workers have developed a thick skin by reason of experience to harsh social and economic circumstances encountered since birth, and are not as physically susceptible as Western workers when it comes to certain kinds of work-related stress; after all, the reality is that many of these workers experience all forms of stress as a daily condition of their lives in Uganda. Thus, survivors syndrome might be more apt to describe the experience of workers in more developed economies and more stable social climates and not in developing countries. Qualitative assessment of responses from case study however, confirmed that many of the affected people agreed that retrenchment in whatever form either as re-deployment, or reduced pay due to reduced job responsibilities can be traumatic and even decidedly more when it is un-expected or much time is not allowed for victims to prepare for it. 5.2.7 Qualitative Data The use of qualitative method of research in this study assisted in achieving or projecting a good picture of the impact of the retrenchment strategies of the Uganda Public Service. Respondents perception of the retrenchment exercise and effect were adjudged through relevant questions as highlighted in Appendix 3 using the qualitative focus group questions to access age gender and educational status impact on the variables of motivation, satisfaction, physical and emotional health and survivors syndrome of retrenched workers in the Public Service. It was discovered using the qualitative research method that age of workers affected the way in which they viewed the retrenchment strategies; that is, different age groups had different impressions of the exercise. The younger generation saw the exercise as fair since it forced the older generations out of the system. This is because the older ones were not working maximally as a result of reduced energy or strength or because they felt their even being in the position in the first place was not totally based on merit. The Older ones on the other hand did not seem to mind the strategies that much and felt that Opportunities should be given to them to hand-over their skills to the generation behind them before been ushered out of the system. Similarly, gender also had its own twist to the responses; it was observed that all the factors had more impact on female workers than male workers. Females with additional responsibility due to redeployment or retrenchment suffered more physically and emotionally as they also had more responsibility on the home front together with their office jobs. Effect on the males was also pronounced where the new situation imposed on them female bosses and majority whose ego could not adapt to such welcomed the retrenchment exercise as a way out; for they would rather be retrenched than to be submitting to female bosses. Lastly, majority of respondents agreed that retrenchment as carried out by the Ugandan Public Service was not on the basis of education; as their level of education was not considered as a factor in the process. Although, there were some isolated causes of faster promotion or senior position attainment after the exit of some workers as reported by a few of the respondents, this however was not the rule or norm; it was only a flash in the pan. The qualitative results in general, suggested that motivation and satisfaction of the retrenched workers that survived the retrenchment exercise was only affected on the short-term because things went back to status quo. The major reason for this can be attributed to the fact that workers motivation and satisfaction in Uganda derived majorly from the fact that they even have a job that will help them in meeting their daily family needs. All this findings is supported by Maslow (1993) hierarchy of needs and assertion where basic needs such as food, water, e.t.c. are crucial and the first instincts that people try to protect before any other things will follow. However, Hertzberg (1966) noted that people can only be truly and genuinely satisfied and motivated when they climb up to the highest height of the Maslows pyramid which is the height of self-actualisation and that huge satisfaction does not derive from hygienic needs alone. 5.2.8. Research objectives and aims Going by the results, analysis of the results and discussion of the results of the research work, it can be seen that the major objective of the research has been accomplished. The purpose of this study was to access the effect of the retrenchment strategies of the Uganda Public Service on the Job satisfaction of its workers. Through the use of questionnaires, surveys and interviews, we have effectively measured this and therefore can make useful recommendations to its management in the future 5.3 Implications for Management Organisations have different reasons for embarking on retrenchment; it might be to downsize in order to cut cost if it is having internal crises or just to remove dead weight and to improve the quality of service. Whichever reason, management decides to retrench; one thing they should keep in mind is that retrenchment does not occur as a stand alone event, it drags along whether reluctantly or not but surely some other outcomes. This research work has established a clear relationship between job satisfaction, motivation and retrenchment, no matter how little or short termed it appears to be and this will definitely affect the organisational goals and objectives if not well monitored. The clear implication of the findings of this research study for the management of the organisation understudy or even for all management hierarchies is diverse and variable. Retrenchment exercises should be undertaken with great caution and planning as its affects the morale of workers and anything that affects a work forces morale, if not sorted out fast, will definitely affect performance. Unplanned and poorly implemented retrenchment strategies can lead to physical and emotional unbalance for affected and non-affected staff, poor innovation, discipline and efficiency problems, bring demoralization, contribute to other workers retiring or resigning voluntarily, dispirit the most talented staffs which can lead to their exit; all these will together hinder the organisation from achieving its goal. Retrenching undisciplined, inefficient and incorrigible workers can serve as a warning to other workers; alerting them to sit up and face their work squarely or else they know the implication of not doing otherwise; nevertheless caution and planning should be rigorous so as not to send wrong signals to truly devoted and talented staff 5.4 Research Limitations Problems that were encountered in this research that served as limitations were that of Scheduling: Research could not measure long- term effect of retrenchments on staff and even the short- termed effect measured were not carried out immediately after the retrenchment experience. The impacts of the retrenchment exercise therefore depended on the timing of the experiment to the period of the incidence Research could not measure the impact on staff that were sent home , accessing them would be difficult Time constraints: research required a longer time period due to time taken to obtain the approval and consent of the relevant parties; this affected the length of the project and increased the budget. Another limitation perceived or encountered in the study is that which relates to respondents evaluating or reporting on their own selves; this can be biased and not entirely accurate; therefore affecting results of the research . 5.5 Recommendations for Management Behn, (1980) suggested that organisations should have a corporate strategy for the successful implementation of its retrenchment activities. This paper would also like to adopt such suggestions amongst others; which include Retrenchment basis or rationale should be communicated clearly to staff/affected workers so as to reduce negative impact of the exercise or to avoid sending wrong signals of job insecurity to workers. Objectivity should be employed in applying this basis and retrenchment should not be encouraged as a punitive measure majorly. Measures such as preparation of the minds of affected worker, training and counselling courses and seminars on entrepreneurship and life after retirement especially by the government, are good ways of preparing workers for uncertainties of the future. Generally speaking, organisations should adopt a culture of good welfare schemes such as loan assistance, various allowances, good pay, good career prospects and opportunities, mandatory career trainings, good working environment and working tools e.t.c to their staff, such that when retrenchment acts which is inevitable occurs; it would be understandable to the fair minds 5.6 Recommendation for further research Errors due to inability of participants to vividly remember occurrences usually trait the retrospective research method that was used for this work, therefore for future studies a stronger design can be considered in designing the experiment. A time series design will more likely to be appropriate. It is also recommended for future research that scheduling of this kind of study can be controlled for by planning studies to coincide with retrenchment time and also observing the constructs for a longer time period; so as to measure the long-term and short-term impacts of retrenchment in general CONCLUSION The implication of Retrenchment is quite considerable for all related parties; the management, the survivors and the retrenched, all do feel the great impact of this exercise; but the impact can be minimised if better planned for and strategically implemented. Retrenchment affect job satisfaction, motivation to work, either on short-term or long-term basis, physical health and emotional health of workers; therefore planning and preparation for this exercise is crucial to minimising its effect on all stakeholders.

Socrates :: Papers

Socrates Who is Socrates? Socrates was a Greek philosopher. He was the best of his time (400's BC), and is considered one of the wisest people of all times. Also, he was the first of three of the greatest teachers of ancient Greece. He was born and died in Athens. He was a short philosopher, who wore only a white robe at all times and all seasons. Socrates wasn’t interested in money nor fame. He wrote no books and most the information known about him comes from his students: Plato and Xenophon. He lived and based his teachings on principles and morals. He is well known for viewing philosophy as a pursuit of proper and for saying that philosophy was necessary to all men. He is also known for introducing two new methods: the Socratic Method and Socratic Irony. His philosophy and teachings have affected today’s way of thinking and contemporary philosophy in many ways Early Life Socrates lived thousands of years ago. There are no true records saying when he was really born, but Diogenes Laertius said, in his citation of Apollodrus’ Chronology, that Socrates was born in the fourth year of the 77th Olympiad and on the sixth day of the month called Thargelion.1 Plato said that he died at the age of 70 in 399, therefore being born on 469 BC (just ten years after the death of Confucius). He was the son of a sculptor named Sophroniscus, and a midwife named Phaenarete. There is not a lot of information about Socrates’ education. Plurach wrote that a fortuneteller once told his father to let Socrates do whatever he wanted, ‘allow him free play without forcing anything on him’.2 He made sure he got the appropriate elementary education. He was taught literature, music, gymnastics, and sculpture.3 Later, Socrates became interested in Geometry, the language and dialectics of the Sophists, the speculations of the Ionian Philosophers, and the general culture of Athens. In the Parmenides, Socrates, when he was very young, went to hear Zeno read a treatise and talks with him and Parmenides. Plato wrote that Socrates mentioned seeing Parmenides use the question-answer method (which he later used himself). In the writing the Meno, Socrates says that Meno was his teacher, in the words of the writer, he said that Meno was as bad a teacher to him as Gorgias was to Meno.

Psy 535

Multicultural research methodologies are one of the newest research fields to be implemented in recent decades. Traditional research methodology has been established for centuries, and has a very orthodox view of things like norms, measurement instruments, sampling, and observation. Multicultural researchers quickly found out that applying these same factors to their own research was inappropriate; the field of multicultural research demanded a different perspective if any sort of useful and accurate findings were ever going to be issued. Two areas where there is great difference between multicultural research and traditional research are measurement instruments and norms. In these two areas it is easy to demonstrate how traditional research has a much easier time being performed with the standard and well established concepts involving measurement instruments and norms. However, when a multicultural researcher attempts to answer a question or reinforce a hypothesis he or she will quickly find out that they must perform their research in a way that is very different from those in the traditional field. Measurement instruments are an excellent place to begin looking at the way multicultural and traditional research methodologies contrast. As the world becomes increasingly globalized and corporations begin to operate in many different countries encompassing different and diverse cultures, there is a clear need for accurate multicultural research on a myriad of topics. Even simple surveys like product satisfaction are more difficult for a multicultural researcher. Various countries and populaces simply have different viewpoints and this can cause entire research designs to have to be suited to specific nations, or even specific populations within those nations. For example, traditional researchers have found that it can be extremely difficult to get individuals in Latin America to participate in one of traditional researchers move time honored measurement devices; the focus group. (Morrow, 231) In contrast, many American citizens are quite receptive to the idea of participating in a focus group, a well-established fact known to most multicultural as well as traditional researchers. Those who are educated in multicultural research methods understand that Latin Americans have a very different point of view when it comes to how they value their time. For the average Latin American the idea of participating in a focus group is a waste of time that could be better spent doing almost anything else. The list of research measurement instruments that must be altered depending on the culture being sampled is almost endless. Mail surveys, another common tactic employed by traditional researchers to gauge opinion on a host of different topics have been found to be very inefficient with Americans and many Westerners in general. (Morrow, 256) Multicultural researchers have found that, through careful studies, other cultures are much more receptive to mail surveys. The Japanese, for instance, are much more likely to complete and return a survey mailed to them in comparison to the average American household who would likely discard the survey as â€Å"junk mail†. Morrow, 257) This is not to suggest that either culture is wrong for their treatment of this particular research instrument; rather, it simply highlights that people thousands of miles apart have vastly different cultural experiences that will shape their views on the importance of everything, including whether or not a mail survey is worth their time. An informed multicultural researcher would be wise to employ the mail survey when he or she is doing their work in Japan, just like a researcher working in the United States would achieve much better results by utilizing focus groups. Traditional researchers might very well plod ahead and send out thousands of mail surveys to Americans, knowing that they will receive a small percentage back. However, if these researchers were to pay closer attention to the cultural aspect of the research, they would be able to conduct their inquiries in a more efficient way, both in terms of money spent and answers received. A second area that holds great potential as a way to compare and contrast multicultural and traditional research methodologies is norms. Traditional researchers usually work with a well-established set of norms that rarely fluctuates. Gottfried, 117) Multicultural researchers operate in a much different environment. For those looking to perform a study or experiment that focuses on the impact of culture, they must pay very close attention to the individuals who they are surveying and how the norms for those people can be very different from the norms of others sampled. An example of this would be a multicultur al researcher attempting to study the public’s view of single-payer healthcare, as many liberals have suggested is a good idea for implementation in the United States. A researcher could ask a series of targeted questions to a group of Americans, but without considering their cultural leanings, the research would be inherently flawed. A fourth generation American of European descent will have rather â€Å"mainstream† views of the topic, which will contrast greatly with a first generation Canadian immigrant. (Gottfried, 112) The cultural norms for each of these groups will be very different, which will end up in them answering the question differently or, even if they answer the same, for different reasons. A traditional researcher would not pay very much attention to this issue, and would likely state that an American is an American, and that with a large enough sample size they would arrive at the correct diagnosis of the public’s point of view regarding the topic. Those who are involved with multicultural research know that by passing over the deep cultural divides that exist between most American citizens, the research would be virtually worthless. In conclusion, multicultural research and traditional research have much in common, but differ on some very important points. Two of these points are the relevance of norms and measurement instruments. Multicultural researchers will work much harder to get a better understanding of their respondent’s culture before asking questions and conducting other research. This ensures that the reasons behind their answers are known, which equal a more comprehensive research design. Measurement tools and their impact differ between the two research methods as well. Multicultural researchers pay close attention to the culture they are sampling, and employ research instruments that are the most likely to garner results. Traditional researchers are much more likely to use a blunt research tool, and use it over and over again until they achieve the necessary amount of responses. Both research methodologies have their place, and both will continue to benefit from the others perspective. Works Cited Morrow, Susan L. (2001) â€Å"Qualitative research methods for multicultural counseling: Handbook of multicultural counseling† Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications Gottfried, Paul Edward. (2002) â€Å"Multiculturalism and the Politics of Guilt: Toward a Secular Theocracy,† University of Missouri

Free Essays on Lillian Hellman

Lillian Hellman was born in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1906. She died at Martha’s Vineyard in 1984. Lillian’s work includes screenplays, plays, novels, short stories, and an autobiography/ memoir. Lillian’s personal life was reflected in most of her plays and sometimes even inspired the whole play. For example Lillian is described as an â€Å"independent child,† by Carol MacNichols in a â€Å"Dictionary of Literary Biography,† (Contemporary Authors) this trait of Lillian’s personality is portrayed in her story, â€Å" Run Away† which is in the book, â€Å" A writers reader†. Lillian was an independent person in many ways; this is reflected in her story, â€Å"Run Away†. The girl, whose name was never mentioned in the story, runs away from her home and lives on her own. The girl in the story leaves her home and stays in a dollhouse, takes care of herself, buys her own food, and even begs to rent a room. All of these are examples of this girl’s independence. Lillian is portraying her own sense of independence through this girl in her story. This girl reflects Lillian’s independence as a young girl. The const ant moving in Lillian’s life, a father that was hardly ever there, and life as an only child resulted in Lillian’s independence and rebellious ways. Lillian was led into an early marriage to press agent, Arthur Kober by the impulse of loving the publishers parties, and the adventurous life of the literary world of the nineteen twenties, which Arthur Kober was an active part in. In 1929 she accompanied her husband, Arthur, to Germany. Here Lillian was exposed for the first time to the Nazi movement, which was her first exposure to Anti-Semitism. Later this theme would come to play in her stage play, â€Å"Watch on the Rhine† and â€Å"The Searching Wind†. This is another example of how her personal life is sometimes reflected in her work. As time passed, Lillian’s marriage eventually came to an end o... Free Essays on Lillian Hellman Free Essays on Lillian Hellman Lillian Hellman Lillian Hellman was born in 1906 and was the only child of a shoe merchant and a woman from Alabama. Her father’s job required her to spend half of the year in New York and the other half in New Orleans. These two different locations gave her a taste of two different worlds throughout her childhood. These two worlds are very often merged in her plays. New York showed her a money conscious world of her grandmother whose Sunday dinners resembled corporation meetings and New Orleans represented the fluttery spinsters and black servants. (Dick, 1) She always knew she was going to be a writer ever since she was little and began to keep a journal. She realized â€Å"that an adolescent’s firsthand judgment was preferable to the tortured queries of old age.†(Dick, 1) Normally you would not expect Hellman to write for theater but she did not have skill for detail that fiction requires. In many of her plays the plot is based on an object such as a pen knife (Days to Come), a medicine bottle (The Little Foxes), a briefcase (Watch on the Rhine), and a bracelet (The Children’s Hour). Most of her plays have something to do with government and always have a problem that the characters have to solve using all of their ability and concentration. Elizabeth Hardwick talks about how Lillian Hellman’s plays are â€Å"triumphs of craftsmanship†(Hardwick, 4). Her plays usually consist of actors facing misfortunate problems and then using great energy and skill to try to figure them out. Hellman fills her plays with crisis and chaos from secret letters to grand theft. It seems that sometimes her characters are so busy coming up with clever ways to solve these problems that you might forget what the plot is about. Her plays are entertaining and useful in commercial theater but sometimes a little to confusing for a person who is trying to figure out the characters. David Hunt critiques Scoundrel Time which... Free Essays on Lillian Hellman Lillian Hellman was born in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1906. She died at Martha’s Vineyard in 1984. Lillian’s work includes screenplays, plays, novels, short stories, and an autobiography/ memoir. Lillian’s personal life was reflected in most of her plays and sometimes even inspired the whole play. For example Lillian is described as an â€Å"independent child,† by Carol MacNichols in a â€Å"Dictionary of Literary Biography,† (Contemporary Authors) this trait of Lillian’s personality is portrayed in her story, â€Å" Run Away† which is in the book, â€Å" A writers reader†. Lillian was an independent person in many ways; this is reflected in her story, â€Å"Run Away†. The girl, whose name was never mentioned in the story, runs away from her home and lives on her own. The girl in the story leaves her home and stays in a dollhouse, takes care of herself, buys her own food, and even begs to rent a room. All of these are examples of this girl’s independence. Lillian is portraying her own sense of independence through this girl in her story. This girl reflects Lillian’s independence as a young girl. The const ant moving in Lillian’s life, a father that was hardly ever there, and life as an only child resulted in Lillian’s independence and rebellious ways. Lillian was led into an early marriage to press agent, Arthur Kober by the impulse of loving the publishers parties, and the adventurous life of the literary world of the nineteen twenties, which Arthur Kober was an active part in. In 1929 she accompanied her husband, Arthur, to Germany. Here Lillian was exposed for the first time to the Nazi movement, which was her first exposure to Anti-Semitism. Later this theme would come to play in her stage play, â€Å"Watch on the Rhine† and â€Å"The Searching Wind†. This is another example of how her personal life is sometimes reflected in her work. As time passed, Lillian’s marriage eventually came to an end o...

Role of Sexual Politics in Louise Mallards Possession of Self Assertion Essays

Role of Sexual Politics in Louise Mallards Possession of Self Assertion Essays Role of Sexual Politics in Louise Mallards Possession of Self Assertion Paper Role of Sexual Politics in Louise Mallards Possession of Self Assertion Paper Louise Mallard, Kate Chopping The Story Question: Discuss the role of sexual politics in Louise mallards possession of self assertion. Answer: Kate Chopin is a very famous American writer of the nineteenth century. She was an independent woman who did not confine to the socio-political bonds of the society. Chopping short story The Story of an Hour published in 1894 is about a woman who receives the news of the death of her husband and the sense of freedom that she experiences after his death. The protagonist of the story The Story of an Hour, Louise Mallard is suffering from heart trouble when she gets to know that her husband has died in a rail accident. She experiences turmoil of emotions as she becomes familiar with the idea that there will not be anyone who will control her life from now. Her feelings changes from the storm of grief to the monstrous JOY that she feels as she realizes she is an independent woman from now on, and she herself would be responsible for her life and the only person she would live for now would be only herself and no one else. Lawrence l. Bereave in his essay, Fatal Self- Assertion in Kate Chopping The Story of an HOLE says that Louise is an immature, egoistic and a victim of her own self assertion. He says that the reason why Louise experiences the Joy is because she would finally be able to live for herself and have her independent identity. Since she was not suffering from a bad married life, so according to him, there is no gender politics involved in the self assertion of Louses identity. He says that the story is not about marriage or society but only about Louise Mallard and her identity crisis. The argument that Bereave gives in his essay is a title incomplete, saying that Louise was suffering only from an identity crisis would be wrong to say since the whole idea that she needs self assertion tells us that she was going through self effacement in her married life, and this forces us to ask why was she going through this effacement in her life; is it only because of her own self or is there something more to it like the social and marital bonds, and was she happy in her married life, or her husband dominated her in such a way that is became practically impossible for her to live as an independent individual. Saying that it was only her own identity crisis would actually make us neglect all these possibilities of her monstrous JOY. The point that is very much evident with the close reading of the text is that, Louise Mallard is a subject to the masculine discourse of the story. She is introduced as Mrs Mallard and referred to as she for most of the narrative, only once is she called by her own name and that too by her sister, Josephine. As she sits in her room and drinks the very elixir of life, she experiences a new life coming into her, and she realizes that she has now no one who would control her. She was not ouch upset cause of her husbands death but she was actually looking forward to what lies ahead of her. All this shows that she is defined as a selfless woman who is attached or rather affiliated to Presently Mallard as his wife, someone who does not have her own social status and who surely lacks self identity. This feminist reading of the text shows to us the reasons of her facing self effacement in her married life and hence her need for self assertion. It can also be argued that Louise lack of self was just her own issue and the social norms or her marital life did not play a role in it. N only happen when she knows that her identity is at stake because she must have had experienced individuality before her marriage, this probably means that she was satisfied with herself before her marriage and she knew what it is be like an independent woman, but after her marriage this disappeared and she lost the control of herself. Also the whole idea that she starts her self-asse rtion and the possession of herself only after the death of her husband tells us that she was in a way not satisfied with her marriage life and the whole crisis of her lack of identity is because of her husband and her marred life. It very clearly shows us that Presently death gives her a glimpse of a new life that she was always looking for also gives us a reason to think that she was not being able to be herself in the discourse of her married life. We are thus getting closer to the view that the sexual politics of her husband played a dominant role Louses self assertion, but to say that she was facing self crisis only because of her household would be wrong to say. That would suggest that Louise was having a bad married life and that Mr Mallard was not a loving husband. The story in fact states the opposite, it clearly says that Mr Mallard was a gentle and kind husband who loved her truly and it also says that even she loved him. It again forces us to ask the question that if her married life is so perfect then why she feels Joy after the death of her husband. Thus the whole issue of identity crisis becomes problematic because it is not only because of her own self but it is also related with her familial bounds. Maybe Chopin is suggesting that all marriages, even the kindest ones, are inherently oppressive. Louise, who readily admits that her husband was kind and loving, nonetheless feels Joy when she lives that he has died, probably because she was oppressed by her husband. We can thus see that the sexual politics plays an important role in Louses experience of the monstrous JOY, but there lies an internal irony in the text, from her emotions to her self-assertion, the reasons are ambiguous. But it would be incorrect to say that her identity crisis is only because of herself. The self assertion and the urge to be independent is intermingled with the sexual politics that she faced in her marriage life, because had they been separate, she would not wait for her husbands death to assert herself. Had Mr Mallard been an understanding husband, he would have understood that she is an independent woman who needs not to be controlled by anyone else and hence she would be feeling Joy after his death. Thus, we can see that Louise Mallard sufferings and the need for self assertion was not only because of her identity crisis but also because of the gender politics that she was facing in her married life. Chopin makes her an independent woman who was oppressed by the social bonds and wanted to break free from them. Louise comes out to be a self searching woman who wants to find her individuality, which her married life is meow not allowing her to do. No doubt she was in search of a self, and she wanted to be independent but that doesnt completely means that she was dissatisfied with her married life. She wanted to be known Louise, an independent woman, and not as someones wife and that is probably the reason why she felt that she had a possession of herself after her husbands death, and not because of her bad marriage life. Hence, the reason why she was experiencing happiness after the death of her husband is mainly that she would be able to be herself finally, that she

The role of using first language (L1) and translation in English as a Essay - 1

The role of using first language (L1) and translation in English as a foreign language ( EFL) classes - Essay Example The plan is to conduct interviews with a number of teachers (3 additional teachers). The teachers have been chosen from different schools. I have met 5 of them in the Indian school (elementary) where they teach only English (no Arabic or Indian used at all). The students in this school are mixed, males and females who came from different countries: China, Egypt, Iraq, India and many other countries. The remaining 6 teachers have been chosen from 4 different elementary schools, in which they were employed in basic education (co-education). First, I am planning to divide the answers in different boxes. Each box will include the number of teachers who agreed or disagreed. The first box will include part 1 Question, the second box will include part 2 questions, and the final box will include part 3 questions (see appendix 3). Then, I will change the numbers to percentages (e.g. 60% of the teachers agree/disagree). Charts will be used in this section, so that the information will be clearly presented. A second prong of the methodology involves planned observation of the teachers and the students inside the class, to know whether they are using translation or L1 in their classes. I think one of the most underused data collection methods is observation. According to Moor (1995), â€Å"The information we collect as an observer can be used to analyze student learning, the learning environment and students attitudes toward learning and schooling.† In order to collect data in this research, I visited different schools in Oman. I joined different classes. An important objective of these visits was to get to know more about teachers, students, and what is happing inside the classrooms. However, my main purpose was to know more about the students and the teachers inside of these classes. During these observations, I wanted to know how the teachers and students were interacting with each other in the class, how the teachers taught English, and whether or

Impact of Democracy on Economic Development Essay

Impact of Democracy on Economic Development - Essay Example A case example is Mali. In the year 1985, per capita income of Mali was $532, dictatorship increased at a rate of 5.35%. Hence the question arises, could economic development have been different if there was democracy in Mali? A comparison of France indicates that in 1985, France which is a democracy had per capita income of $12206 and it grew at a rate of 1.43% (Ndulo 2006). These statistics indicate that most poor countries have a slower economic development than the rich countries due to democracy. In 1985, Mali was not a democracy as it was full of dictatorship thus slow economic development while France which is a democracy experienced a fast economic growth. This assumption is however not very true as democratic nations are still prone to poor economic growth as there some are underlying factors that affect both economic development and democracy. We can therefore conclude that democracies are common in economically developed countries as compared to poor countries that have a poor economic growth. The explanation behind this is not because democracies are likely to appear due to economic development, but because of their likelihood of survival should any eventuality occur. Democracy varies with different countries but when the correct democracy is applied there is a higher chance of economic